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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2008-07-16 e-packeto°~sx'.s~~~ SPECrIAE MEETING H ~ n J O `ALIFOR~~A CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY O:E SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO P.O. Box 711 (City Hall, 400 Grand Avenue) South San Francisco, California 94083 MUNICIPAL SERVICES BUILDING CITY COUNCIL COMMUNITY ROOM 33 ARROYO DRIVE WF;DNESDAY, JULY 16, 2008 6:30 P.M. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, pursuant to Section 54956 of the Government Code of the State of California, the City Council of the City of South San Francisco will hold a Special Meeting on Wednesday, the 16th day of July, 2008, at 6:30 p.m., in the Municipal Services Building, Community Room, 33 Arroyo Drive, South San Francisco, California. In accordance with California Government Code Section 54957.5, any writing or document that is a public record, relates to an open session agenda item, and is distributed less than 72 hours prior to a regular meeting will be made available for public inspection in the City Cle;rk's Office located at City Hall. If, however, the document or writing is not distributed until the regular meeting to which it relates, then the document or writing will be made available to the public at the location of the meeting, as listed on this agenda. The address of City Hall is 400 Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94()80. Purpose of the meeting: 1. Call to Order. 2. Roll Call. 3. Public Comments -comments are limited to items on the Special Meeting Agenda. 4. Study Session -Review of the draft Noise Study Report for Sister Cities Boulevard. 5. Study Session -Discussion of Parks & Recreation Donation Program. 6. Closed Session -Conference with Labor Negotiator (Pursuant to Government Code Section 54957.6). Employee Organization: Operating Engineers. Agency Representative: Kathy Mount/Barry Nagel. 7. Closed Session -Conference with Real Property Negotiator (Pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.8). Property: 201 :Baden Avenue. Negotiating Parties: South San Francisco and San Francisco Ford.. Under Negotiation: Lease terms and price. 8. Closed Session -Conference with Legal Counsel -Anticipated Litigation (Pursuant to Crovernment Code Section 54956.9 (c)). Initiation of Litigation: One Case. 9. Adjournment. C.~~l Deputy City Clerk SPECIAL CITY COUNCIL MEETING JULY 16, 2008 AGENDA PAGE 2 • • • • • • • • ~ ~ ~ CD CD ~ ~ ~ n '~ X ~ ~ ~ ~ S~ ~ ~ ~, Q ~ ~ ~ r ~ t~ .~ ,~ c~ ~ ~ ~• to (D ~D .. ~ CD t7 ~ ~ CD ~ ~?~ ~. < '~ < ~ ~ ~D = ~ ~_ t~ CD ~ ~ n ~ CD O ~ ~ ~ ~ rn ~ ~~ Q ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ s~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~D cD sv ~ ~. ~ ~ rn -- o ~ ~ ~ -a c~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ ~ -~ tD ~_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ Q ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ Q. 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I couldn't help but to come out with "how about the Developers up there getting everything that they wanted by building a nice new Firehouse fir SSF when probably one wasn't needed . The Sound Wall was and is needed. Most of the neighbors living down below their new freeway expected a sound wall to be built and they were just ignored. It isn't only the sound that drops down on the homes below that is intrusive but the dirt ,old rubber from the tires aald dust created by the tires of the cars .Some cars even drag racing going over sixity miles per hour and then stopping at the stops signs throwing out exhaust fumes that drift down on the homes below .Especially as they start up again. Cars can come flying off of the road into a residential neighborhood in a fraction of seconds. All homeowners are entitled to ~~peacefully noise ,pollution free ,safe home environment as possible. One of the big things here is that the cost to do the right thing is so minimal. Looking at SSF and what it stands for .It is a City that will do what ever it takes to make a better City. Take a walk through Orange Park for example. A great complete finished job. We can see that it is a City to bf; proud of. We feel that in regards to the Sound Wall ,SSF will continue to make it a City that all can be proud of. The City has listened to the concerns of it's citizens in the past. The Sound Wall has been taking; too long to be installed for some unknown reason. We appreciate that all that are concerned with this matter will help to get the Wall built. SSF Resident ~~i G~~`~ L~ July 14, 2008 Kamala, I regret that I cannot attend the upcoming meeting. However, my thought about the sound wall is more in line with safety over noise. The subject of safety was brought up briefly in prior council meetings but I think it is just as important as the noise relating to SC Blvd. I'rn still a newcomer to the neighborhood and 1 realize that the sound wall issue has been volleyed around for many years. However, I can't help but question why is it that there are certain portions of SC Blvd with sound walls? Are the other neighborhoods with sound walls any more or less "noisy", influential or valued than Paradise Valley? With over 150 signed petitions from PV neighbors in favor of a sound wall, one would think that our elected City Council members -even by pure show of good faith -- would have gone ahead and appeased us by now. Would it not have cost substantially less for the city to just install the sound wall rather than hire "experts" and conduct multiple studies? Residents of PV want the sound wall -for safety and health (noise) concerns. It can be a disconcerting daily reminder that there is no sufficient barrier (other than some sparse shrubbery) between the high. speed traffic above us on SC Blvd and our homes. Is this alone not good enough reason? Finally, aesthetically speaking, wouldn't SC Blvd look nicer if the entire stretch of the roadway look consistent -- that is, with a uniformed and continuous sound wall? Kamala: This writer wishes to remain anonymous -please do not use my name, address, or other identifying information. However, feel free to use this writing, or excerpts of it, as appropriate/necessary to support argument during the council meeting. Thanks. Submitted Anonymously. c~~ ~ ~~ ~~, A Level Psychology Through Diagrams By Grahame Hill Environmental Noise Noise can be defined as un wanted sounds that creates a negative affective response (Baron 1984) Generally research shows sound is evaluated as unpleasant and a source of stress if it is: LOUD- daytime sound above 60 decibels can become annoying and inconvenient and thre .are legal durations limits beyond 90 decibels UNPREDICTABLE random or erratic sound distracts attention and is harder to habituate to than constant or regular sound. Mediataing Variables The floosing influence noise effects: Context: sound may be perceived arc noise depending upon context and background levels eg in a disco library or when sleeping. Noise imitates more of it seems unnecessary or if made w/o respect for others. Control: Noise emitted by oneself or even under one's percieved control has fewer negative effectts. Individual differences; Some people are more noies sensitive than others. Around 30% of variabiability in the resonse to noise is accounted for by people" attitudes (Tracor 1971, eited by Cave 1998) which may result from their perceptoion of risk or experience of negative noise effects. Effects: Noise has been associated with: Health problems eg hearing loss and. an increased risk of immune system suppression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease;, fatal strokes, stomach uleration, and mental health problems/psychiatric admissions,. Distrubed learning and performance eg in occupational and education task achievemet and reading ability Anti social behaviour eg in terms of increased aggressin when provoked due to greater frustration and less social interaction interpersonal attraction and helping behaviour &w&bPage ,... ~ <~ f~a home .contact , sitemap .index -tome :emerging issues :health Assessments Indicators Observation Data Emerging Issues Agriculture ~ Food security Atmosphere Y Interacting problems Climate change ~ Energy ~ Risks from new technologies Ozone depletion Damage to the ozone layer New air pollution problems Nitrogen saturation Biodiversity Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety invasive Species Tiger crisis Biodiversity assessment Biotechnology ~ Threats of unintended gene transfers Consumption Reducing consumption Demography ~ Exceeding carrying capacity Desertification Land degradation Development ~ Policy. planning and management Forests Forest loss Forest fires Freshwater Freshwater assessments Hazardous Waste ~ Weapons as wastes Implementing the Basel Convention Health * Growing disease problems Antibiotic resistance from environmental pollution? Hormone disrupters Declining sex ratios Chemical interactions r Air pollution and health Noise pollution Electromagnetic radiation Human Settlements e Disaster threats Kosovo Conflict Environmental Impacts Land Resources Mountains Oceans F Widespread Coral Bleaching ~ Coral reefs under pressure ~ Coastal threats ~ Cnsis in ocean fisheries ~ Smali islands Poverty Radioactive Waste ~ Military waste problems Civilian radioactive waste Solid wastes/sewage Waste disposal and reduction Search :: Noise pollution Go! Noise is an increasingly omnipresent, yet underestimated, form of pollution. Long periods of exposure to relatively low levels of rn~ise can have adverse effects on human health, such as raised blood pressure, hypertension, disrupted sleep and cognitive development in children (Kiernan, 1997b), diminished working memory span, and psychiatric disorders (Bond, 1996). An estimated 80 million people suffer unacceptable levels of continuous outdoor transport noise within the EU (New Scientist, 1998). In Amsterdam, 29% of the city's inhabitants complain of noisy neighbours, 28% are regularly disturbed by the jarring sounds of traffic, and 26% suffer the dissonance that comes from living under the airport flight paths. In Great Britain survey results showed that for 7% of homes in Britain, noise levels outside the building were more than 68 d6 (Bond, 1996). Even in the American national parks, it is estimated that noise-free intervals rarely exceed several minutes (Geary, 1996). The World Health Organisation's guidelines recommend a nighttime average level of noise suitable for undisturbed sleep of Fromm 35 to 30 dB, and include a peak nighttime maximum of 45 decibels. However, an OECD survey of traffic noise estimates that 16% of people in Europe suffer more than 40 d6 in their bedrooms at night (Bond, 1996). Ini the United States, a conservation initiative has been established with the goal of creating sites where human-caused noise pollution will not be tolerated (Geary, 1996). Furthermore, every city in the European Union uvith more than 250,000 inhabitants will be required to draw up 'noise maps' of their streets by 2002 (New Scientist, 1998). In the Netherlands, it is illegal to build houses in areas where 24-hour average noise levels exceed 50d6. And in Great Britain, the Noise Act gives local authorities powers to confiscate noisy equipment and to fine people who create excessive noise at night. Several countries are also investing in porous asphalt, which can cut traffic noise by up to 5dB. ............................................................................................................................................. .. REFERENCES AND SOURCES.. ...................................................................................................................................... Bond, Michael. 1996. "Plagued by noise", New Scientist, 16 November 1996, p. 14-15. Geary, James. 1996. "Saving the sounds of silence", New Scientist, 13 April 1996, p. 45. Kiernan, Vincent. 1997kr. "Noise pollution robs kids of language skills". New Scientist, 10 May 1997, p. 5. New Scientist. 1998. "Quiet please", New Scientist, 19 September 1998, p. 23. c~LUc4L About Us :: UN Partners Noise Pollution Takes Tc-11 on Health and Happiness Everyday Noise Can Overstimulate the Body's Stress Response By Rick Weiss Washington Post Staff Writer Tuesday, June 5, 2007; HE05 In the beginning there was silence, and it was good. From silence came sound, not all of which was good. And the sound that was not welcome was called noise. And there got to be more and more; of it, because who wants to rake when you can blow? Let me be honest. I don't get along with noise. I see it, or rather hear it, as the essayist Ambrose Bierce did around the turn of the last century: as "a stench in the ear." And by "noise" I don't mean only the noises that everyone agrees are bad for your hearing -- those ear- splitting sirens and the stand-right-next-to-the-speaker heavy metal concerts. Even everyday noise eats away at my nerves. You may say I'm thin-skinned, but I have; science on my side. A growing body of evidence confirms that the chronic din of construction crews, road projects, jet traffic and, yes, those ubiquitous leaf blowers, is taking a toll on our health. and happiness. Providing scientific proof of this has not been easy -- in part because noise, defined as "unwanted sound," is to a large degree a matter of personal taste and sensitivity. The romantic hears a train whistle differently from the insomniac. And no small number of Americans pay good money to hear the same rock-and-roll music that was used to torture the holed-up Panamanian dictator, Manuel Noriega, and Waco's David Koresh and induce cooperation from prisoners in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. But study after study has found that community noise is interrupting our sleep, interfering with our children's learning, suppressing our immune systems and even increasing -- albeit just alittle -- our chances of having a heart attack. It is also tarnishing the Golden Rule, reducing people's inclination to help one another. "Everyday noise is under the radar, yet it affects everyone's life," said Louis Hagler, a retired physician in Oakland, Calif, and an advocate for quiet, who recently published in the Southern Medical Journal a review of studies linking noise exposures to health problems. "We don't say to people, 'You just; have to learn to live with sewage in your water,' "Hagler said in an interview. "Why should we tolerate sewage coming into our ears?" As I write -- from home today, the better to concentrate, I told my editor -- there is a person up the street blowing leaves and dust from one part oiPhis property to another. To accomplish this task, he is generating a sound that is only a little less intense than the 85 decibels that the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health says is physically damaging over a period of hours, and more than loud enough to make it almost impossible for me to think. Leaf blowers may be my pet peeve, but it is modern transportation -- cars, motorcycles, trucks and air traffic -- that accounts for most of the background noise that disturbs and even sickens people. More than 40 percent of Americans whose homes have any traffic noise at all classify that noise as "bothersome," according to the 2005 American Housing Survey, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. One-third of those say the noise is so bothersome they want to move. All told, more than 100 million Americans are regularly exposed to noise levels in excess of the 55 decibels that federal agencies have recommended as a reasonable background intensity. Here in the Washington area, a battle over airport noise is posed to erupt this summer as the Senate considers adding as many as 20 new daily takeoffs and landings at Reagan National, a move opposed by neighbors already fed up with the steady roar of low-flying jets. A now-classic study conducted in the 1970s was among the first to indicate that such noise is more than an annoyance. It found that children living on the lower, noisier floors of an apartment building overlooking a busy Manhattan bridge had lower reading scores than those living on higher floors. But was noise really the major factor explaining that difference? After all, people tend to move away from extremely noisy neighborhoods if they can, and those who don't are more likely to be poor, which by itself is a risk factor for delayed educational advancement and ill health. To answer such questions, scientists have taken advantage of unusual situations in which people's exposure to noise changed over time whine other factors remained relatively constant. In a study of students attending an elementary school near noisy train tracks in New York, for example, researchers showed that by the time the students reached sixth grade, those whose classrooms faced the train were a year behind those whose classrooms werE; on the quiet side of the building. After noise reduction materials were installed in the classrooms and around the tracks, reading scores in the two groups equalized, strengthening the case that noise was the culprit. Another clue came from a study of children whose schools were located near West London's busy Heathrow airport. "We found a straightforward linear effect: from aircraft noise and impairment in reading on standardized tests," said study leader Stephen A. Stansfeld, a professor of psychiatry at Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry in London, noting that the close correlation strengthened the case that noise was to blame. But it was a "natural" experiment in Germany that helped clinch the case, when the old Munich airport was shut down and a new one was opened at a distant site. Tests done on third- and fourth-graders -- before that switch, soon after it and again later on -- showed that students near the old airport initially scored lower than others on tests of memory and reading but improved after the airport closed, while their counterparts living near the new airport saw a decline in scores after the switch occurred. A Chronic Emergency Noise that invades a classroom may make it hard for students to hear the teacher, of course. But blood tests done on the Munich children helpedl reveal a more insidious biological mechanism through which noise wreaks much of its havoc. Children near the working airports had significantly higher levels of adrenaline and cortisol -- the body's so-called stress hormones. Those hormones are part of the body's "fight or flight" response, which helps a person deal with. sudden emergencies. Blood pressure and heart rz~te go up in preparation for action. The blood becomes thick with oxygen-toting red blood cells. And the innmune system gets suppressed as part of the shift toward fulfilling short-term needs rather than longer-term health. That response can be lifesaving in an attack, but it is counterproductive when activated chronically. Over months and years it can literally corrode the body, eating away at blood vessels and other organs and predisposing a person to other medical woes. "This is the most disturbing thing about noise, because it means you are being exposed to this reaction all the time," said Roberto Bertollini of the 'World Health Organization's Special Programme on Health and Environment. As a result of that hormonal activation, children near the working Munich airports had significantly higher blood pressure than children in quieter neighborhoods -- adding to their risk of having a heart attack or stroke later in life. Similar impacts have been documented among adults near Amsterdam's Schiphoi airport and Stockholm's Arlandla airport, where chronic noise as low as 55 decibels correlated with more doctor visits, high blood pressure and treatments for heart troubles. Whether traffic noise actually increases one's chances of having heart disease or a heart attack has been harder to determine, because such studies require large numbers of people. But the evidence for at least a modest effect is growing. A highly respected Dutch analysis combined the results from 43 studies that tracked chest pains, heart attacks and related problems with community noise levels. Using a statistical technique called rneta- analysis, it concluded that there is "a slight increase in cardiovascular disease risk in populations exposed to air traffic and/or road traffic noise." Face the Music Even if chronic exposure to noise is unlikely to kill you, it can simmer under the surface and take a toll on your well-being. Studies have shown that chronic night noise not only leaves you shrouded in a fog of fatigue, irritability and poor concentration, but also activates the stress response as you sleep. And while the number of awakenings per night may decrease as you adjust to the din, the increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing changes persist. "The idea that people get used to noise is a myth," the Environmental Protection Agency has reported. "Even when we think we have become accustomed to noise, biological changes still take place inside us." The Health Council of the Netherlands found that high levels of mechanical noise, such as that from a hospital's own air-conditioning equipment, can delay recovery in patients -- a reflection, perhaps, of the immune suppression that comes with an activated stress response. Another insidious effect of noise is its cultivation of what scientists call "learned helplessness." Children given puzzles in moderately noisy classrooms are not only more likely to fail to solve them but are also more likely to surrender early. "They just give up," said Gary W. Evans, a professor of human ecology at Cornell University who studies noise and behavior. The implications of learned helplessness on a child's success in life "are potentially pretty powerful," he said. Perhaps most disturbing in these times oI~ political and economic polarization is that noise undermines generosity. In one study, people were less likely to help someone pick up a bundle of dropped books when the noise of a lawn mower was present. Another showed that in a noisy environment, people playing a game were more likely to see their fellow players as disagreeable or threatening. Yet another found a drop in helpful behavior when loud "annoying music" was played. Interestingly, helping behavior increased' when similarly loud "uplifting music" was played. Which gets to the weird thing about noise: its mysterious psychological component. Something to Yell About Researchers still know very little about how attitudes toward noise affect its impact on health. Ii: may be that people with upbeat attitudes -- people, for example, who do not believe that this blowhard tip the street ought to be jailed -- will live longer, healthier lives than I will. After all, anger alone is a potent producer of stress hormones. Am I killing myself by caring? Some research suggests so. People report being far less annoyed by noises they willingly accept: or actively select (riding a motorcycle, for e;xample) than by those they have no control over (the car alarm outside your window). On the other hand, the hormonal systems of even the mellowest of people in noisy places may still be quietly seething. After runway patterns were changed at an airport in Australia, researchers studied two neighborhoods -- one that was now noisier because of the change and one that got quieter -- both of which now had the same noise levels. People whose neighborhoods had become quieter were less anxious, angry and depressed than those whose neighborhoods had grown noisier. But the two groups' stress hormone levels were indistinguishable, suggesting that a good attitude may not be powerful enough to save you -- and a bad one won't necessarily kill you. As an inveterate ranter against noise, I find that last point gratifying. It means I can complain as noisily as I want without losing the benefits of whatever quiet I win. &w&bPage WGS~'tll'K~tOtlpOSt.CCt{"1'1 Noise Pollution Takes Toll on Health and Happiness Everyday Noise Can Overstimulate the Body's Stress Response ~..~~ . ~aeiner~' Mambas fDIG By Rick Weiss Washington Post Staff Writer Tuesday, June 5, 2007; HE05 In the beginning there was silence, and it was good. From silence came sound, not all of whiclh was good. And the sound that was not welcome was called noise. And there got to be more and more of it, because who wants to rake when you can blow? Let me be honest. I don't get along with noise. I see it, or rather hear it, as the essayist Ambrose Bierce did around tlhe turn of the last century: as "a stench in the ear." And by "noise" I don't mean only the noises that everyone agrees are bad for your hearing -- those ear-splitting sirens and the stand-right-next-to-the- speakerheavy metal concerts. Even ever~~day noise eats away at my nerves. You may say I'm thin-skinned, but I have science on my side. A growing body of evidence confirms that the chronic din of construction crews, road projects, jet traffic and, yes, those ubiquitous leaf blowers, is taking a toll on our health and happiness. Providing scientific proof of this has not been easy -- in part because noise, defined as "unwanted sound," is to a large degree a matter of personal taste and sensitivity. The romantic hears a train whistle differently from the insomniac. And no small number of Americans pay good money to hear the same rock-and-roll music that was used to torture the holed-up Panamanian dictator, Manuel Noriega, and Waco's David Koresh and induce cooperation from prisoners in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. TNC -. I)TRECT Sane your moneyb TIC Ordege Savings Accour~ But study after study has found that community noise is interrupting our sleep, interfering with our children's learning, suppressing our immiune systems and even increasing -- albeit just alittle -- our chances of having a heart attack. It is also tarnishing the Golden Rule, reducing people's inclination to help one another. "Everyday noise is under the radar, yet it affects everyone's life," said Louis Hagler, a retired physician in Oakland, Calif., and an advocate for quiet, who recently published in the Southern Medical Journal a review of studies linking noise exposures to health problems. "We don't say to people, 'You just have to learn to live with sewage in your water,' "Hagler said in an interview. "Why should we tolerate sewage coming into our ears?" As I write -- from home today, the better to concentrate, I told my editor -- there is a person up the street blowing leaves and dust from one part oi' his property to another. To accomplish this task, he is &u& &w&bPage generating a sound that is only a little less intense than the 85 decibels that the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health says is physically damaging over a period of hours, and more than loud enough to make it almost impossible for me to think. Leaf blowers may be my pet peeve, but it is modern transportation -- cars, motorcycles, trucks and air traffic -- that accounts for most of the backkground noise that disturbs and even sickens people. More than 40 percent of Americans whose homes have any traffic noise at all classify that noise as "bothersome," according to the 2005 American Housing Survey, conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau. One-third of those say the noise is so bothersome they want to move. All told, more than 100 million Americans are regularly exposed to noise levels in excess of the 55 decibels that federal agencies have recommended as a reasonable background intensity. Here in the Washington area, a battle over airport noise is posed to erupt this summer as the Senate considers adding as many as 20 new daily takeoffs and landings at Reagan National, a move opposed by neighbors already fed up with the steady roar of low-flying jets. A now-classic study conducted in the 19TOs was among the first to indicate that such noise is more than an annoyance. It found that children living on the lower, noisier floors of an apartment building overlooking a busy Manhattan bridge had. lower reading scores than those living on higher floors. But was noise really the major factor explaining that difference? After all, people tend to move away from extremely noisy neighborhoods if they can, and those who don't are more likely to be poor, which by itself is a risk factor for delayed educational advancement and ill health. To answer such questions, scientists have taken advantage of unusual situations in which people's exposure to noise changed over time while other factors remained relatively constant. In a study of students attending an elementary school near noisy train tracks in New York, for example, researchers showed that by the time the students reached sixth grade, those whose classrooms faced the train were a year behind those whose classrooms werE; on the quiet side of the building. After noise reduction materials were installed in the classrooms and around the tracks, reading scores in the two groups equalized, strengthening the case that noise was the culprit. Another clue came from a study of children whose schools were located near West London's busy Heathrow airport. "We found a straightforward linear effect from aircraft noise and impairment in reading on standardized tests," said study leader Stephen A. Stansfeld, a professor of psychiatry at Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry in London, noting that the close correlation strengthened the case that noise was to blame. But it was a "natural" experiment in Germany that helped clinch the case, when the old Munich airport was shut down and a new one was opened at a distant site. Tests done on third- and fourth-graders -- before that switch, soon after it and again later on -- showed that students near the old airport initially scored lower than others on tests of memiory and reading but improved after the airport closed, while their counterparts living near the new airport saw a decline in scores after the switch occurred. A Chronic Emergency Noise that invades a classroom may mak:e it hard for students to hear the teacher, of course. But blood &u& &w&bPage tests done on the Munich children helped reveal a more insidious biological mechanism through which noise wreaks much of its havoc. Children near the working airports had significantly higher levels of adrenaline and cortisol -- the body's so-called stress hormones. Those hormones are part of the body's "fight or flight" response, which helps a person deal with sudden emergencies. Blood pressure and heart rate go up in preparation for action. The blood becomes thick with oxygen-toting red blood cells. And the immune system gets suppressed as part of the shift toward fulfilling short-term needs rather than longer-term health. That response can be lifesaving in an attack, but it is counterproductive when activated chronically. Over months and years it can literally corrode the body, eating away at blood vessels and other organs and predisposing a person to other medical woes. "This is the most disturbing thing about noise, because it means you are being exposed to this reaction all the time," said Roberto Bertollini of tY-e World Health Organization's Special Programme on Health and Environment. As a result of that hormonal activation, children near the working Munich airports had significantly higher blood pressure than children in quieter neighborhoods -- adding to their risk of having a heart attack or stroke later in life. Similar impacts have been documented among adults near Amsterdam's Schiphol airport and Stockholm's Arlanda airport, where chronic noise as low as 55 decibels correlated with more doctor visits, high blood pressure and treatments for heart troubles. Whether traffic noise actually increases one's chances of having heart disease or a heart attack has been harder to determine, because such studie s require large numbers of people. But the evidence for at least a modest effect is growing. A highly respected Dutch analysis combined the results from 43 studies that tracked chest pains, heart attacks and related problems with community noise levels. Using a statistical technique called meta- analysis, it concluded that there is "a slight increase in cardiovascular disease risk in populations exposed to air traffic and/or road traffic noise." Face the Music Even if chronic exposure to noise is unlikely to kill you, it can simmer under the surface anal take a toll on your well-being. Studies have shown that chronic night noise not only leaves you shrouded in a fog of fatigue, irritability and poor concentration, but also activates the stress response as you sleep. And while the number of awakenings per night may decrease as you adjust to the din, the increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing changes persist. "The idea that people get used to noise is a myth," the Environmental Protection Agency has reported. "Even when we think we have become accustomed to noise, biological changes still take place inside us." The Health Council of the Netherlands fi~und that high levels of mechanical noise, such as that from a hospital's own air-conditioning equipment, can delay recovery in patients -- a reflection, perhaps, of the immune suppression that comes with an activated stress response. &u& &w&bPage Another insidious effect of noise is its cultivation of what scientists call "learned helplessness." Children given puzzles in moderately noisy classrooms are not only more likely to fail to solve them but are also more likely to surrender early. "They just give up," said Gary W. Evans, a professor of human ecology at Cornell University who studies noise and behavior. The implications of learned helplessness on a child's success in life "are potentially pretty powerful," he said. Perhaps most disturbing in these times of political and economic polarization is that noise undermines generosity. In one study, people were less likely to he:lp someone pick up a bundle of dropped books when the noise of a lawn mower was present. Another showed that in a noisy environment, people playing a game were more likely to see their fellow players as disagreeable or threatening. Yet another found a drop in helpful behavior when loud "annoying music" was played. Interestingly, helping behavior increased when similarly loud "uplifting music" was played. Which gets to the weird thing about noise: its mysterious psychological component. Something to Yell About Researchers still know very little about how attitudes toward noise affect its impact on health. It may be that people with upbeat attitudes -- people, for example, who do not believe that this blowhard up the street ought to be jailed -- will live longer, healthier lives than I will. After all, anger alone is a potent producer of stress hormones. Am I killing; myself by caring? Some research suggests so. People report being far less annoyed by noises they willingly accept or actively select (riding a motorcycle, for example) than by those they have no control over (the car alarm outside your window). On the other hand, the hormonal systems of even the mellowest of people in noisy places may still be quietly seething. After runway patterns were changed at an airport in Australia, researchers studied two neighborhoods -- one that was now noisier because of the change and one that got quieter -- both of which now had the same noise levels. People whose neighborhoods had become quieter were less anxious, angry and depressed than those whose neighborhoods had grown noisier. But the two groups' stress hormone levels were indistinguishable, suggesting that a good attitude may not be powerful enough to save you -- and a bad one won't necessarily kill you. As an inveterate ranter against noise, I find that last point gratifying. It means I can complain as noisily as I want without losing the benefits of ~~hatever quiet I win. Comments: weissr~washpost. eom. View all comments that have been posted about this article. © 2007 'The Washington Post Company Ads by Google 10 Rules to Flat Stomach Dmn 9 Ihs nt Stomach Fat evPrv 11 Davs by (~hevina these 1l1 Rides. &u& ~:~~,~c~bPa~,e c~elegraph 'Noise having huge impact on health ,:_. 5:17 PM BST f~ioise may be the root cause of around three deaths in every hundred traditionally blamecl on heart disease according to a study that suggests many thousands of people ire Eiritain may be d~~ing because +:rf a lack of peace and quiet. • 'tour say; Is noise making y<:iu unwell? • ,4udio: Roger Highfield arcs hoev sound! can kill • The 7elegra~h's Quiet r~r~asc. e:~ampaign i<~iore people than ever are naw complaining about a!nwanted noise pollution -from rowdy neighbours and if~ud traffic to late-night pubs and clubs. fdo~v ground-breaking research from the World Health t~rganisation has provided estimates of the impact of noise on the European population, reports New ~~cierttist today, revealing a striking contribution of noise to premature deaths from accideni:s and disease. Though preliminary, the WHO's findings suggest that ic~r~g-terry exposure to traffic noise may account for three per cent of deaths from ischaemic heart disease in Europe -typically strokes and heart attacks. ~" • ~"' • x ,.. ,r, F y , ll ,, ~; ,~-~'' t ~ ~ ~~ ~, f hh l: ~ ~. ~~ , ~' ~ ,~"" ~~, ~ 51 G given that 7 million people around Europe die each year from heart disease, that would put the toll fe-orr~ exposr.rre to noise at around 210,000 deaths. In England, heart disease kills i10,00t? people ~~nnually, so the deaths linked to noise could be around 3,300. 'The new data provide the link showing there are earlier deaths because of noise," the magazine was told by Deepak Prasher, professor of audiology at University College London, and a rnember of the coalition of European scientists 4ti~ho helped assemble and analyse the data, which tivill be published i_:~efore the end of this year. until now, noise has been the Cir-derella form of pollution and people taaven't been aware that it has ~~n impact on their health," he says. f~doise is linked with heart attack and stroke because it creates chronic stress that keeps our bodies in ~~ state of constant alert. Research published last year by Germany's Federal Environmental Agency in E~erlir7 shows that even when you are asleep, your ears, brain and body continue to react to sounds, raising levels of stress hormone<. Ho~h~ever, if these stress hormones are in constant circulation, they can cause long-term ~~hysiological changes that could be life-threatening. "The end result can be anything from heart failure and strokes c~° U c~ ~~:~v~~ liPa~~e ti-k high blood pressure and irrrmune problems. "All this is happening imperceptibly, ar~d this is the rev," said Prof Prasher. [~r- Rokha Kim, of the WHC}/Et_1RJ Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, said: "There is evidence that the steep disturbance is associated ~~ti~ith increased accidents in children, and increased traffic accidents. Because the data is sparse, 1,~VH4 did not pursue further to quantify this irrrpact." Ha~vever, he said that, compared with sleeping eight or more hours each night, sleeping E. to 7 hours ~~,-as associated with a 1.8 tinges higher risk for involvement in asleep-related crash versus anon- sleep-related crash, and sleeping fewer than five hours per night invoked a 4.5 times higher risk. Standardised tests and questionnaires in the classroom reveal a small -fraction of a percent -but significant impact of noise on education. "C:iironic aircraft noise expasur•e impaired reading comprehension and recognition memory," Dr Kim t~?Id The Daily Telegraph. "Ar7~ong various effects on education, "reading test" and "memory-recall test" are more significantly affected by aircraft noise.` F~rof Trevor Cox, University of Salford, added: "Prof Bridget Shield, Landon South Bank University did some research on this for the Department of Health. Her research showed a significant relationship between SAT scores and raise levels,, and that primary ~choois with external noise levels beloav the current guidelines failed to r7~eet the Government's maths and literacy targets. "Professor Stephen Stansfeld in the RANICH project (Road Traffic and Aircraft Noise. exposure and ~hiidren's Cognition and Health;? showed that a 5d6 increase in aircraft noise resulted in a 2 month delay in reading attainment." "the new WHO figures also se.rggest that two per cent of Europeans suffer severely disturbed sleep t~ecause of noise pollution, and at least 15 per cent suffer severe annoyance. The researchers calculate that chronic exposure to loud traffic noise causes three per cent of all cases of tinnitus, in t^~hich sufferers hear constant noise, 'v~/hile the L~JHO has yet to finalise what levels of chronic exposure cause problems, though the 1-hreshold for cardiovascular problems, far example, is chronic night-time exposure of 50 decibels {d6) r~r above and a daytime exposure above 60d6. i_evefs finked with annoyance are above 45d6 and a disturbed sleep is above 40dB. The threshold fudged to have a harmful ir~3pact on children's learning is 55 d6 during night or day. Howfever, the Fraction of people affected "increases with increasing levels of exposure but the number in the population affected decreases," said Prof Prasher, so the overall impact +Jr~r society declines. i-i~e findings have emerged aver the past four year-s as members of the 'UboHO's V`Jarking Group on the Noise Environmental Burden of Disease project have sifted data from studies in countries including Gerr~rlany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, to agree preliminary estimates of the impact: of noise on the entire European population and separate its effects from those of traffic pollution and other confounding factors. T!}e WHO's investigations have been triggered in part by a rapid increase in complaints about noise pollution. Figures collected by the UK Cfffice for National Statistics suggest that noise complaints to local government offices have increased fivefold aver the past ,20 years, The Noise Abatement Society claims that local authorities, which are responsible for enforcing the ck uR: cti ~~ &bPa~~~e regulations, are not getting the funds to do the job properly and The Daily Telegraph has launched its ?uiet, Please" campaign in response to the rise in complaints. By the end of this year, cities wit#~ populations exceeding 250,000 avid be required by European law to nave produced digitised noise reaps showing hotspots where traffic noise and volume are greatest. riot Prasher and other members of the ~NHO working group hope that revealing the scale of the health impact will help jolt more dismissive governments around the world into taking action to regulate ;wise. U c~ DATE: July 16, 2008 TO: Honorable Mayor anti City Council FROM: Terry White, Director of Public Works SUBJECT: DRAFT NOISE STUDY REPORT -SISTER CITIES BOULEVARD RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that the City Council review the draft Noise Study Report for Sister Cities Boulevard. BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION There have been five (5) noise studies conducted along Sister Cities Boulevard during the: past 30 years the last being in 2003. Traffic noiise along this east-west corridor affects the residential areas flanking the roadway, including Paradise Valley and Terrabay, however, noise experiencE;d in the area results from a combination of sources including, traffic from the Oyster Point Flyover, Airport Boulevard, US-101 and various surface; streets. Aircraft noise is a major contributor as well. The acoustical consulting engineering firm of Wilson Ihrig & Associates, Inc. was contracted by the City to perform the Sister Cities Boulevard Noise Study. The noise study was conducted in the residential area south of Sister Cities Boulevard approximatelybetween the intersection with Hillside Boulevard and the terminus of the existing sound wall (near South San Francisco Drive). The noise measurements were collected between April 16 and Apri124, 2008. The purpose of the study was to determine if the existing sound wall on'the eastern half of Sister Cities Boulevard should be extended westward toward Hillside Boulevard. Traffic noise modeling was completed and the effectiveness of sound walls was evaluated. The results of the study are documented in the attached draft report and will be presented in a PowerPoint presentation by the consultant. FUNDING Funding for the development of the drajFt Noise Study Report for Sister Cities Boulevard was obtained from the Capital Improvement Program FY 07-08. CONCLUSION According to the study's conclusion, present noise levels fall below Caltrans/ FHWA mitigation criteria at all surveyed locations. No mitigation is warranted at this time from an acoustics perspective. Upon City Council review of the draft Noise Study Report for Sister Cities Boulevard, staff will incorporate the results and prepare the final report. Staff Report Subject: Draft Noise Study Report -Sister Cities Blvd Page 2 of 2 B~-~ - L Approved M ` ~ :~ ~~-.% Terry White Barry M. Nagel- Director of Public Works City Manager RR/tas/rc Attachments: Draft Noise Study Report for Sister Cities Boulevard PowerPoint Presentation Slides o ~~s ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ °°~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ 'o ~ ~ ~ ~ r .~ , , - - ' ~ ,, z, ~~ 13 ,,' 7 _ _ ~ Y ~ _ ~I ~l~ C 7 '~ ~ ~ 3 ~ 4 ~ ~ ._~ ~.~ ~~~ ~~~.~ 2 cX `~ ~ ~ yy 'sue a t h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:5 1 ~ J ~~ f ~ _ ~ ~ '~ ~r , .Ti. :?f ~r~;. +~ 1 ~ ~;r~ ~'y~ ~ ~ - 2 r ? ~" r~ °~ d.- r n c ~;~.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ „„o a°J ~ yfT~ - ; s i 4L! .9 ~`` ; ~ ~~ . 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M `O `O ~ ~ O N O N M r--~+ r-, ,-~ ~ .-~ A M • ~ G~1 U Q W ~ U U U U U ~/ -7- -8- 1 0 -9- M N ti O `~ L ^~ ~.. M -~, S d ~`, " c~ ~o ~ 1 ~~ O \\ 01 i, ~_ --._ ,~, .. ~ ~:: '" ~ M M t0 ~ J ~ W "~ Z n' 1 f M ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ N N ,~ ~ ~ J N_ O Z ,~ o ~ c~ 0 N ~ __ . ...~ ~ ~ ~ CSC _ ~ ~ r ~ ,:: -lo- -F~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ _ ~ ~ ~ X O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `~ ~~ - o w ~ J ca ~ ~ ,~,._, z }, - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ - ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~- - - ~ ~ ~ 's= ~ ~ CCS ~ ~Qo ~Q~ ~a~o .~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ 4) ~ Ca ~ ~ ~ - ~ - ~' }~,, to O ~ CCS ~ X CC5 ~ X - - ,,,~ ~ U a.Ucn wUo wUc~ zc~ ~ ~ . N ~ N M mot' -11- V, L ^~ W\ ~~ V J -~-~ C~ ~_ ~O (~ N Q. 0 ^~ •W V, W V, • V, ^ w CJ ~ ~ ~ ~ --- ~ U ~ _~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ CV ~ ~ U ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ -- .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O s_ . - ~ ~ U ~ ~ ._ ~ ~ ~ p 4) Q U ~- ~ ~ ~ -12- z J Q U 0 0 L ~F- O N N ca ~~ O y.- ca U ~ . ~ ~ Q > ~ ~' ~ ~ > _ . O (~ O ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q > ~ 'c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ . O ~ L . C ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ •~ ~ ~ U '~ ~ Q W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ -~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ca ~ ~ ~ ~- V = ~ , ~ ~ U ~ a~ ~ ~ ~ -13- a--+ ~ ~ O ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ _ can c 'o .~' ~ D ~ L a~ ~ •L O •~ m ~ ~ O O ~ ~ O Q ~ ~ ~ 2 0 ~L N U 0 ~_ ~O Z .~ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. ACOUSTICAL AND VIBRATION CONSULTANTS Draft Noise Study Report Sister Cities Boulevard 16 July 2008 Prepared for: City of South San Francisco, California by: Wilson, Ihrig & Associates, Inc. Carlos H. Reyes Senior Consultant and Pablo A. Daroux Principal 5776 BROADWAY OAKLAND, CA U.S.A. 94618-1531 rel: (510) 658-6719 Fax: (510) 652-4441 E-mail: [email protected] web: www.wiai.com WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. i Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study - 16 July 2008 'Table of Contents Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 3 3.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRA-FFIC NOISE ............................................................................. 4 3.1 NOISE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... S 3.2 NOISE PROPAGATION ............................................................................................................. S 3.3 PERCEPTION AT THE RECEI`dER .............................................................................................. 6 3.4 FURTHER INFORMATION ........................................................................................................ C 4.0 STATE AND LOCAL POLICY AND PROCEDURES .......................................................... 8 5.0 STUDY METHODS AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 9 S.1 NOISE MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................................................... 9 S.2 MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................ 12 5.3 TNM v. 2.5 COMPUTER TRAFFIC NOISE MODEL ................................................................. 12 6.0 PRESENT NOISE ENVIRO:tVMENT .................................................................................... 15 7.0 2020 DESIGN YEAR NOISEE ENVIRONMENT .................................................................. 16 7.1 NOISE CONTROL MEASURE;S ................................................................................................ 18 7.2 SOUND BARRIER. WALL MATERIALS .................................................................................... 24 WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. ii Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Studv - 16 July 2008 List of Tables Page TABLE 4-1 - CALTRANS NOISE ABATEMENT CRITERIA (NAC) .........................................................................................9 TABLE S-1 - LONG-TERM NOISE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS ............................................................................................. 10 TABLE 5-2 - SHORT-TERM NOISE MEASUREIvIENT LOCATIONS ........................................................................................... 1 1 TABLE 5-3 - TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND TRUCP: MIX USED FOR CALD3RATION ....................................................................... 13 TABLE 5-4 - MEASURED SHORT-TERM NOISE LEVELS AND TNM CALIBRATION FACTORS ................................................ 14 TABLE S-S - TRAFFIC VOLUMES USED FOR T/IODELING 2020 DESIGN YEAR ....................................................................... I S TABLE 6-1 - EVALUATION CRITERIA AND OBSERVED PRESENT LONG-TERM NOISE LEVELS (ADJUSTED) .......................... 16 TABLE 7-1 - PROJECTED NOISE INCREMENT FOR A SBW HELD BACK FROM THE INTERSECTION ......................................... 19 TABLE 7-2 - PROJECTED FUTURE NOISE LEVELS AND EXPECTED NOISE REDUCTION - AM TRAFFIC VOLUMES ................ 22 TABLE 7-3 - PROJECTED FUTURE CNEL AND NOISE REDUCTION ....................................................................................... 23 List of Figures Page F[GURE 2-1 -AREA OF STUDY AND VICINTT'Y MAP ...............................................................................................................4 FIGURE 3-1 -DECIBEL SCALE WITH COMMON NOISE SOURCES ............................................................................................7 FIGURE 5-1 -NOISE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................12 FIGURE 7-1 -PROJECTED FUTURE (YEAR 2020) UNMITIGATED PEAK-HOUR LEQ AND CNEL DUE TO SISTER CITIES TRAFFIC NOISE .................................................,,.......................................................................................................................17 FIGURE 7-3 -PROPOSED MODEL FOR EVALiJATING THE WESTERNMOST END OF THE SOUND BARRIER WALL ...................21 F[GURE 7-4 -SOUND PATHS NEAR A BARRIER WALL (FROM CALTRANS TENS) ...................................................................24 APPENDIX A -Aerial Views and n~Ieasurement Location Photographs FIGURE A- 1 AERIAL VIEW OF MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS I AND A ................................................................................A-2 FIGURE A- 2 LOCATIONS 1 AND A - 103 HIGHLAND AVENUE. NOISE MONITORS IN FRONT YARD BY LIGHT POLE............A-2 FIGURE A- 3 AERIAL VIEW OF MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS 2, 3, 4 AND D ........................................................................A-3 FIGURE A- 4 LOCATIONS 2 AND E - 134 BELMONT AVENUE. NOISE MONTIORS IN POLE ..................................................A-3 FIGURE A- 5 LOCATIONS 3 - 1.35 CLAREMO]VT AVENUE. NOISE MONITOR IN FRONT YARD ..............................................A-4 FIGURE A- 6 LOCATIONS 4 AND D - 125 CL,AREMONT AVENUE. NOISE MONITORS IN BACKYARD AND TREE ...................A-4 FIGURE A- 7 AERIAL VIEW OF MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS 5, B AND C ...........................................................................A-S FIGURE A- 8 LOCATIONS 5 - 126 EDISON AVENUE. NOISE MONITORS IN TREE (NOT SHOWN) ..........................................A-S F[GURE A- 9 LOCATION C - 106 DRAKE AVENUE. NOISE MONITOR IN TREE .....................................................................A-6 FIGURE A- 10 AERIAL VIEW OF MEASUREMENT LOCATION 6 ...........................................................................................A-6 FIGURE A- 11 AERIAL VIEW OF MEASUREMENT LOCATION 7 ...........................................................................................A-7 FIGURE A- 12 LOCATION 7 - PG&E EASEMENT (LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS SISTER CITIES) .........................................A-7 APPENDIX B -Long Term Noise ]Data Graphs APPENDIX C -Glossary of Acoustical Terms WILSON, IHWG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 Executive Summary This report presents the results of a noise study conducted within the neighborhood on the south side of Sister Cities Boulevard with the purpose of evaluating the acoustical benefits which could be derived from the extension of the present sound barrier which runs along the sough side of the Boulevard. This sound barrier starts approximately 500 feet west of the intersection of Airport and Sister Cities Boulevards on the east side and continues west to the intersection of Sister Cities and South San Francisco Drive. Its height is moderate, at approximately 7 feet above surrounding ground elevation, and currently provides acoustic shielding to residences along the north side of Randolph Avenue. Figure 2-l, below, presents a vicinity map indicating the area of study. The study consisted of: A) Measuring the current level of noise at or near the residences most affected by Sister Cities Boulevard traffic by means of an around the clock, multiple-day, long-term survey which extended for a period of one full week. These are summarized in Tat>le 6-1. B) Measuring the level of noise produced by traffic along Sister Cities at or near the residences most affected while simultaneously counting traffic and observing the speed and vehicle composition (percentage of trucks, automobiles, etc.) of such traffic. Noise from other sources such as aircraft flyovers, traffic within the neighborhood, construction, etc. which was not related to Sister Cities was removed from the short-term survey results so that a direct correlation between Sister Cities traffic and :noise as heard near and at the residences could be established for the purposes of calibrating the computer noise model. These short-term noise measurements were made at heights corresponding with first and second-stories of homes, as in some areas the level of noise is sometimes higher at thc; 2°d story than at the first story. C) Creating a computer noise model of the area under study to predict the fixture expected level of noise in the year 2020 as well as the noise abatement benefit which could be derived from the extension of the current sound wall to Hillside Boulevard on the west end of the study area and with walls of three different heights. These prf~dictions were based on traffic volume data provided by the City. D) Comparing the present and predicted future levels of noise with Caltrans criteria for highway noise abatement of 67 dBA during the noisiest hour of the day as well as the City of South San Francisco Noise Element of the General Plan's goal of t;i5 CNEL daily average noise level for residential land uses. These comparisons are summarized in Table 7-2 and Table 7-3, respectively. •.rai.zznq punos auk ~o uorsua~xa aq~ ~ununm o~ sn os a~n.znaan aq o~ ano.rd ~.zoda.~ sru~ ur paurn~uoa suoi~aipa.~d auk ~r autui.za~ap o~ (giOZ) s.zna~i ua~ ui auauzuo.~Tnua asiou auk ~ui~nninna-az puauzuzoaa.z am `sa~nuzr~sa ai~~n.~~ ani~nnaasuoa ~iiini:~ua~od uo pasnq a.re apnuz suopatpaad asiou auk sn `~anamoH •sptnnainog apisiliH pun sat~i~ za~sis ~o uor~aasaa~ui auk .znau na.in iinuzs ~ uo uoi~ipuoa a.~n~n~ pa~atpa.zd auk ~o uoi~daaxa auk u~im `uoi~n~i~tuz ao~ nt.za~ua pa~daaan ~iiuouiuioa ~aauz you saop astou a.~n~n~ pa~aadxa pun ~uasa.rd auk q~oq sn `anT~aadsaad inai~snoan un uzoa~ palun.unm you st iinm punos ~uasa.zd auk ~o uotsua~xa auk ~nu~ papniauoa aq una ~T `~ipn~s aq~ uzo.z~ s~insaa auk uo pasnq `a.zo~a.zagZ •nt.za~i.~a ~i~auaq~soa s~Vt~c1Hd pun sun.z~in~ .zad sn `panaiuan aq o~ si uoi~n~utuz ~o siagiaap s ~snai ~n 3i ~aa~ g ~o uinuztutuz n aq o~ anieu iiTm uoisua~xa iinm punos auk 30 ~u~iau au,L • •uta.rau pa~aipa.zd asou~ unu~ .raN~ol aq o~ ~ia~1i a.zn sianai astou aan~n~ a.ro~a.~aq~ `~pn~s sru~ ui pasn ohs aq~ unu~ sai~iunuzuzoa padoianap ~i.r[n3 u[ uouzuzoa a.zouz ~iin.zaua~ si .zna~ .zad olo£ o~ oloZ ~o ai~~nz~ ut asnazaul innuun u~ •apTm~~t~ s~aafo.rd pa~aafo.zd pun pano.zddn iin sapniaul ~r sn `ant~~n.rasuoa rC~an ~iaxTi are uarum ~i~r~ aye ~q papino.zd sauznion ai~~n.r~ pa~aad[xa a.~n~n3 ~uTSn apnuz a.zam suot~atpa.zd asau,l, • •£-L aignZ aas •anogn pa~natpui sn na.~n auzns auk uru~rm ain asauZ •paipn~s suoi~naoi aq~ ~o orn~ ~nq iin ~n ~uauzaig asroN s~~~i~ auk ~o ino~ ~~~ S9 auk moiaq .zo ~n iin~ sianai asrou a.zn~n~ pa~aadxa pun ~uasaad • •Z-L aignZ aas •~ipn~s aapun nain aq~ urq~im sauzou om~ ~iiuo ~n ni.za~i.za ~uau~a~ngn auk ~aauz you ~nq uatio.~ddn sianai astou (OZOZ -~na~i) a.zn~n~ pa~aadxg •pnig apisiiiH u~im uoi~aas.~a~ut auk .~nau `pooq.~ogq~iau auk ~o pua ~souz ~sam auk uo ~nu~ si pa~aa~~n ~souz nain au1, •paipn~s suor~naoi IIu ~~' (siinm punos ~o uoi~an.~~suoa aq~ •a•i) ~uauia~ngn asiou ao~ paau auk auruz.ra~ap o~ ~Ac1H3 pun sun.~~in~ ~q pasn nr.~a~ia~a ~gp Lq auk moiaq iin~ sianai asiou ~uasa.zd :~nu~ a~naiput ~pn~s auk ~o s~insar auZ 8002 ninf 9i - npn~s asio~ ~~n.zQ p.innainog sar~t~ .ra~siS Z •~NI'S31b1~OS5b'8 ~~RIHI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 3 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 1.0 Introduction Wilson, Ihrig & Associates (WIA) has conducted a technical study to assess potential noise impacts due to Sister Cities Boulevard traffic at the residential community located on the southern side of the Boulevard and to evaluate the benefit of extending westward the present sound wall to reduce traffic noise exposure on the community. This report presents a description of the methodology used for the study, field measurement results, noise projections using FHWA's Traffic Noise Model version 2.5 and calculations of the mitigation benefit of three alternative sound barrier heights along the south side of Sister Cities Blvd. Additional information regarding compliance with Federal and Caltrans highway traffic noise policy and local applicable policies is also included, as is information on various materials which could potentially be used for the construction of sound walls, a section on references for further information on topics related to traffic noise and sound barrier construction and a Glossary of Acoustical Terms relevant to traffic noise studies. 2.0 Project Descriptia-n The area evaluated is located south of Sister Cities Boulevard from Pecks Lane to Hillside Boulevard as shown in the Vicinity lvlap in Figure 2-1. Sister Cities Boulevard is two lanes in each direction that runs east to west between Airport Boulevard and Hillside Boulevard on the northern most part of the City of South San Francisco. The traffic observed on Sister Cities Blvd corresponds to a mix of light weight vehicles (e.g. cars, motorcycles), medium trucks and some heavy trucks. The posted speed limit in the area is 40 mph. The study area consists of single-farnily homes mostly one-story in height that are located 45 feet to 800 feet from Sister Cities' eastbound road edge. The project is located in a hilly area with Sister Cities Boulevard at an elevation that is in most places higher than that of the homes. The profile of the Boulevard varies between "at lf;vel" to approximately 20 feet above a receptor'; height. This geometry provides a natural shielding to traffic noise on residences close to Sister Cities on one hand, but on the other hand allows traffic noise to propagate slightly farther distances due to unshielded paths between source and receiver. There is an existing sound barrier wall on the south edge of Sister Cities which ends just east of the study area with a height of 7 feet. 'The purpose of this analysis is to determine the noise mitigation performance that could be achieved by extending this sound barrier wall to the west. ~o a~un.T aigipn~ aTiZ •saiauanba~~ iii 'off ~ti~nba puodsa.z you saop `.TanamoTi `.TUa u~uznTi aTiZ •~aTi aM ~~Til punos ii~.Tano auk a~~.Taua~ Ti~~TTIM saTauanba~~ ~o suoT~~uTquTOa ~ua~a~~ip aanpo.Td saa.Tnos ~ua.Ta~3iQ •(zH) z~aaH ~o s~iun ut (puoaas .Tad suoT~~iitaso) saTauanba.z3 snoT.T~n ~o pasoduzoa sT punos •gP Oi o~ aasoia pug .TaTi~TTi ~ic{~go.zd sT punos algipn~ ~o piogsa~Ti~ aTi~ `aidoad ~souT .zo3 •~aa~ap u~a s.T~a anT~TSUas ~souT aq~ ~iuo ~~Ti1 lanai piogsa.TTi~ pazlp.T~pu~~s n .TaTi~~.T ~nq `punos ~o a;~uasq~ aTi~ you si gp 0 a.TO~a~aTiZ •si~as~d-o.TaTUT 000`000`OZ o~ OZ sT s~TUn i~ais~iTid ui a~un.T auz~~s aTiZ •(~dri) si~as~d-otaTUT OZ a.T SP OZI o~ 0 uTO.T~ o~ puodsa.T sunuznTi ~nii~ sa.Tnssa.Td punos ~o a~uL~ aTi~ a~~u~TU ~ii~uaruanuoa ~iaTi~ aauis pasn a_re siagiaaQ •a.rnssa.Td punos aaua~a~a.T pazip.T~pu~:~s ~ o~ a.Tnssa~d punos parns~auT aTi~ ~o oT~n.T atuTTi~un~oi ~ o~ s.Ta~a.T iagiaap ~ •siagiaap ~o s~Iun TI~TM ainas pagT~asard ~ uo punos a.Tns~aTU o~ pasn a~ sianai a.Tnssa.Td punos •uznipauz ~ s~ s~a~ tiaiTiM `.TTY auk Ti~no.TTi~ sannM a~nssa~d punos s~ a~~~~do.Td ~~Ti~ .ITL' aTi~ uT suoT~~iiiaso ~Q paanpo.Td sT punos •punos pa~u~MUn sn pauT~ap ~Iin.Taua~ sT asTON asioN ~i}deal ~o s~e~uauaepun~ 0'E d~y~ ~~iutain pug ~Pn~S 30 ~a~~ -- I-Z a~n~T3 8002 ~inr 9i - ~ipn~S asioN ~~~.TQ p~~nainog sai~i~ .Ta~srS ~ '~NI ~S31bI~OSSV ~ ~R1HI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 5 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Studv -- 16 Julv 2008 frequencies for humans is around 2C1 to 20,000 Hz. Even within that range, the ear- will act as a filter and naturally attenuate lower frequencies and slightly accentuates mid to high frequencies. When measuring the overall sound pressure level of a source, it is customary the ease of the A- weighting, which is a filtering process that best correlates with human perception. Sound levels measured with the A-weighting are denoted with the descriptor dBA. Figure 3-1 shows a chart of common noise sources and their repro°sentative dBA sound level. 3.1 Noise Source Characteristics Vehicle noise is a combination of noise from the engine, exhaust, and tire/pavement interaction. For the purpose of modeling traffic noise, vehicle emission levels are based on empirical data for four categories: automobiles (vehicles with two axles and four wheels), motorcycles, rriedium trucks (two axles, six wheels) and heavy trucks (three or more axles). Increases in traffic volume will produce higher noise levels. However, it takes a doubling of traffic volumes to raise noise levels by only 3 dB which is generally considered a barely perceptible increase in loudness. Noise levels also increase with vehicle speed on a logarithmic basis. Heavy trucks produce significantly more noise than automobiles and therefore it is critical to represent their percentage of the traffic volume accurately. Steep inclines in road elevation also contribute to higher noise levels since engines work hardf;r than on flat roads and hence produce more noise. 3.2 Noise Propagation Sound intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance from the source. For point sources such as noise from stationary mechanical equipment, sound levels tend to drop off at a rate of 6 dB per each doubling of distance from the source, known as "spherical" spreading loss. Line sources, such as highway traffic, exhibit "cylindrical" spreading loss where sound levels tend to drop off at a slower rate, typically around 3 dB per doubling of distance from the source. The type of ground also influences the amount of attenuation with distance. Line source attenuation will be closer to 4.5 dB per doubling of distance over sites that have an acoustically "soft" ground cover such as field grass or loose soil. A drop-off rate of 3 dB is generally typical of sites with "hard" ground such as concrete between the road and receivers. Barriers or other large objects located in the path between source and receiver care substantially reduce sound levels at the receiver. ]Barriers can be natural (i.e., topographic features) or constructed such as sound walls, earth berms, or buildings. Generally the term noise barrier refers to a sound wall or earth berm built specifically t:o reduce noise transmission. The effectiveness of a barrier depends on its ability to block the line-of-sight between the source and receiver. Barrier performance is a function of the increase in path length that the sound must travel given the introduction of the barrier. The mass or surface density of the barrier material is also critical. Usually a minimum of 4 to 5 lbs per square foot is suitable for barrier construction. Generally, a 5 dB reduction can be expected from a continuous barrier that just blocks the line of sight between source and receiver. Atmospheric conditions can have an effect on outdoor sound propagation, however this effect only becomes significant over long propagation distances and is very small (i.e. not easily perceptible by the human ear) for receivers located. at short distances. Studies by Caltrans and others have shown that wind is the most important metc;orological factor within 500 ft of a highway, while temperature .ro•asiouou•rnmrn :asnoq~ur.reai~ uot~niiod asroN • ur~u•i~nu~uz/asiou/auauzuo~inua/no •~op•nm~•rnmm :xoogpunH u~isaQ ~ar.~ng punos s ~~'tY1H3 • asiou/~uauzuo.rinua/no •aop•nm~•mmm :(~~H3) uot~~~~sTUiuzp~ ~i~mq~iH in.rapa,d • apniaui sa:~.znos .rau~p uz~u• uiur~~a~/asiou/nua/ u/no •na•~op•mmm ~~ punos aq una gaigm `suol~~~uasazd ~uture.z~ ~o sagas n sur~~uoa axis siq~ `aeinat~.znd uI nua/ a/no •~a•~op•mmm :fin pa~naoi st siuZ •sis~ii~u~ in~uauzuo.r~nug ~o ~uauz~.r~daQ `uot~~~.rodsun.z,I, ~o ~uauzlrnda~~ ~turo~ii~~ auk ~o airs ~au.za~ui ~uaiiaaxa auk ~n punos aq una asiou ai~~~.r~ ~uip.z~~a.r uoi~~uz.ro.iur aau~nd uoi~euaao~u~ aay~an~ ti•E •s.rnou uoouaa~~~ ~~ad pug ~utu.zouz ajnad ati~ ~uranp sianai a.znsodxa asiou a~nninna o~ pasn sum iapouz asiou aq~ `srs~i~u~ sru~ .ro3 •uoTaa~i~a ~a~duzr auk moiaq aq iitm ~inp auk ~o sauzt~ .rau~o ~~ asiou ~nu~ sarnsua ba~I .rnou x~ad auk uo pasnq s~a~duzi ~ui~~~r~ry~ •(uoouaa~~n pun ~uiu.zouz) sanou ~~ad paui~ap iiam om~ suin~uoa su.ra~~~d ai~3~.r~ ~noq-~Z inu~.rou ~ •.rnou ~saisrou auk a.zo~aaau~ pug auznion aiaiuan ~saq~lq aq~ q~im ~np auk ~o .rnoti aq~ ~uranp smaao ~~q~ lanai punos a~~~ann aq~ o~ s.za~aa sruZ •s~a~duxi asiou ~i~mu~tu ~uissass~ ao3 su~.r~l~~ pun ~mH3 ~q pa~~u~TSap ao~dirasap acl~ si bad .rnou mad auk `asiou a1~~n~~ .ro3 •.znotl auo o~ paztl~uz.rou ~ll~-Tauati si ~i `~uauzamsnauz uoi~nanp ~iun o~ .za~aa una ba.~ aq~ alTuM •~uacua.znsnauz auk ~utrnp s~uana ~ur~ia~n-auzr~ auk tin 3o wins acl~ sn ~~.zaua auz~s auk u~im lanai punos n si ba'I au1, 'bad aq~ patina Lanai a~naann u~ ~o suz.ra~ ui pa~nnlnna a.zn saa.znos asiou ln~uauzuorinua ~souz `~ll~.raua>) •saa.zrios ~o sad~~ ~uaaa~~ip .rod a~~i.rdoaddn a.zn ~nu~ s.ro~d[raasap p.rnpu~~s a.ru a.rau~ `auzi~ u~im sa~~n~anl~ punos aaurs •ssaupnol ui ~utlgnop ~ sr, paniaarad ~ll~nsn si gp Ol ~o asnaaaut u~ pun `aldoad ~souz ~iq algT~daaaad ~i~~aia ~Iinnsn s1 gp s 3o a~u~ga ~ •suoplpuoa ~iro~~aoq~l palloa~uoa ui s~aafgns pautna~ ~o uor~daaxa aq~ u~im `ssal .zo gp £ ~o slanal asiou ~~~~uauzuoaTnua ui sa~unua aniaa~ad ~ouuna aldoad `~lln~aua~ aan~a~aa aye ~e uo~~da~aad E'E •i1~~ui~.r ~utanp ap~uz you a.n? suor~arpaad pug s~uauzazns~auz asiou `a~o~araul, •asiou a.zr~ ~o .za~a~~~ga auk sa~u~ua pine ~q paanpo.rd lanai aua sasna.zaui ~uauzan~d dam aauTS .zo~a~~ ~ osl~ sr uin~ •ain ~q punos ~o uoi~d.zosgn ~inaaiouz acl~ ~aa~3~ uairlm `~~rpruznu pun a~n~~~aduza~ apnlaui saaun~srp a~.rel .nano uot~n~~dord punos ~o ~i~ixalduzoa aq~ ~aa~~n ~nu~ s.ro~a~3 aau~0 •s.zantaaa.z ~un~sTp ~n slanal asiou pasna~aui ui ~lnsar ~~uz uaium sapn~r~l~ .rau~iq ~n .ra~sn~ lan~.r~ ~it.re.zoduza~ o~ sannm punos asn~a una sigZ •suot~ipuoa airaudsouz~~ ut~~.zaa o~ anp pa~.ranui sauzoaaq (puno.r~ aq~ anogn ~u~iaLl ~urs~a.zaur u~im a.rn~~.raduza~ .zamol) ~uaip~.z~ a~n~n.zaduza~ l~ur.rou auk uaum .rnaao suois.zanui azn~nraduzaZ •suoi~rpuoa purm ~uo.r~s ~o aauasgn aq~ ui pa~anpuoa aan s~uauza.rns~auz pug s~.aa~~a purm ssarpp~ you saop ~ailod asioN •puirn.dn slanal asiou ~utanpa.z allum `aa.rnos asiou n ~a puimumop slanal asiou asnaraui una s~aa~~a pure •saau~~srp .ra~~a.r~ ~p ~u~~.zoduzr arouz auzoaaq suois.zanut 8002 ~inf 9i - npn~s astoN ~~n.zQ p.rnnainog sar~i~ .za~s1S 9 ~~NI'S31bI~OSSt~'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & PSSOCIATES, INC. 7 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 INDOORS dBA ROCK BAND 100 OUTDOORS THUNDER JET FLYOVER AT 1000 FT NEWSPAPER PRINTING PRESS ROOM -DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE AT 50 FT 90 -MOTORCYCLE AT 20 FT FOOD BLENDER AT 3 F'T GARBAGE DISPOSAL AT 3 F'T CITY BUS AT 50 FT $Q -COMMERCIAL AREA, HEAVY TRAFFIC HAIR DRYER, HIGH SETTING AT 3 F'I AUTOMOBILE AT 50 FT VACUUM CLEANER AT 10 F'T 70 GAS LAWNMOWER AT 100 FT NORMAL SPEECH AT 3 FT HEAVY HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AT 500 FT 60 LARGE BUSINESS OFFICE -AIR CONDITIONING UNIT' AT 15 FT DISHWASHER NEXT ROOT/I 50 QUIET URBAN DAYTIME BIRD CALLS LARGE CONFERENCE ROOM, 40 -QUIET URBAN NIGHTTIME SMALL THEATER (BACKGROUNL>) QUIET SUBURBAN NIGHTTIME LIBRARY (BACKGROUND) 30 SUBURBAN BEDROOM AT NIGHT (BACKGROUND) -VERY QUIET WILDERNESS AREA (NO WIND) CONCERT HALL (BACKGROUND) 20 BROADCAST OR RECORDING STUDIO (BACKGROUND) 10 Figure 3-1-Decibel Scale with Common Noise Sources •tuauzaig asTON `6 .~atcieu~ `unid I~.zaua~ oasiau~.r3 unS ytnoS 6661 £ •8661 .zagoaa0 `f Sl~Ia.L) ruauzaiddnS astoN inaiugaas, sue.~i~~ z •9002 `~i tsn~nd `staafo.~ .za~.ueg 1?~o.~ag puu `uottan.~rsuoaag `uopanitsuo~ ~unnq~iH nnaN .zod - Ioaoro~d sis~iuud asroN ai~3~z~Z su~.rli~~ ~ • j -~ ajq~Z ut moiaq paisrl a.r>? `g q~no.zu~ ~ `sauo~a~t?a ang auk .zoo >?t.ra~t.za aqZ •asn pu~i uo pasnq signal asrou a~niosgn az>? (~~~N) ~ira~ra~ ~uauza~>?q~ asiol\i aril `slanal aszou ~uarquz>? ~uT~srxa uodn ~uapuadap anr~nla.z sr Zlalgm uor.za~r.ra astia.~~ui asrou lbz~un~sgns aril of pasod:do s~ •slanai asrou ~uarquz>? ~ui~sixa .nano a.zouz .zo slagtaap Z t ~o ~aaford aq~ o~ anp as>?a.zaur pai:~rpa.zd n s>? paut~ap .zaq~zn~ si asba~r~u1 aszou Tn~~un~sgns ~ •SP i uiq~tm ~i ga>?o.zddt? .zo i-~ alq>?,j, ui paui>?~uoa ~t.rai~~ ~uauza~l?q~ asiol\I aq~ paaaxa sianai aszou (q) .zo `~aafo.zd ati~ ~o ~Insar >? s>? astiac~uT aszou jnuunlsgns ~ sr a~ari~ (>?) 3i asn punt anT~rsuas asrou n ~n .znaao s~a~drur aszou ag~nz~ s.zaprsuoa suu.z~i~~ e!aa~!a~ }uawa}eqd as!oN suea~!e~ ti• L•ti •lor~uoa ~uiuut?Id asn punj .rod pug ~uri~go.r~a.r aszou ~o ~urpun~ .zoo (~~3) uot~~.z~siuiuzp~ uor~>?rn~ l~.zapa3 aq~ ~q pasn Z~N~ gp S9 aq~ of spuodsa.z.zoa `aro3a.zari~ pu>? ~~r~ ati~ ur aszou ~o aa.rnos ~u~ai~tu~rs ~souz aq~ st? ~.zodzr~ jt?uor~nu~a~uI oasrau>?.zd unS uzo~3 aszou ~~t?~a~r~ uo pasnq ~I1.znuzird pagsiiqu~sa uaaq sari ~a>?duzt .rod plogsa.zq~ aq,I, •~~~ gp S9 si ~a~duzi ~o~ arnsodxa asrou .zor.ra~xa plotisarri~ s ~~~Ta atiZ •(Z'1J-6 ~allod) ssaaord ~uruu>?id asn punj aq~ our asrou ~urzapisuoa ur ~ao~~a aq~ anur~uoa o~ pug (i-J-6 ~iatiod) slanal asrou rzr sas>?azaur a.rnin~ ~ur~uana.zd puauzuzoaa~ ~uauraig asrol\I oastaun.zd unS q~noS ati~ ~o sararlod sautlapm~ o~s!~uea~ ueS 4}noS ~o ~}!~ E' L'ti •na.rn ~aafo.zd ati~ ur pai~i~uapt uaaq annti slootias oN •a~t?ni.zd .zo arlgnd `sjoouas ~.z>?puoaas ao ~.z>?~uauzala ~o suzoo.zssnla apisuT ba'1 ~gp ZS paaaxa slanal 3i pa~alduzoa st ~aaford: ~>?maa.z~ ~ .ra~~>? .ro a.zo~aq pazmbar sr ~uauza~l?q>? asrou i~u1 sa~t?~s sapo~ ~nmq~rH pun s~aaa~S aq~ 30 !aiZ uor~aaS 9LZ uo!;gag `apo~ ~enny~!H pue s}aaa~S Z'L'b •(I>?at~oiouuaa~ ~o in~al `in~uauzuo.zrnua `l~iaos `atuzouoaa `•~•a) suot~tpuoa ai~iaads o~ anp aigis~a~ sr ~uauzai>?q>? ou .ro inr~.znd ~luo tiaitim .zoo ~a>?duzr u~ su pat~i~uapt .zo pa~t?~i~ruz aq ~snuz ~aafo.rd n o~ anp sas>?a.zaur asrou Ini~un~sgns uzo.z~ ~uisi.z>? s~aa~~a l~~uaruuo.zrnua as.zanp~ l~ui sa~>?Indt~s ~~jg~ (dp3~) }~d ~(~!!enp !e~uawuoa!nu3 e!uao}!lei L' L'ti •£unid I~.raua~ oasiauna3 unS ri~noS ~o ~~i~ put? (SNa,I,) Z~uauzalddnS asroN IZ?arurlaal, sun.z~ln~ `~loao~ord sTS~l~u~ asrol\I sunz~ln~ aril ui passnasip ~Clani~aalloa az~ riairim sa.rnpaao.zd pug sp.znpu~~s pasn ~luouzuzoa o~ ~aadsa.z q~im slanai aszou am~n~ sa~~nlnna uiaaarl srs~il~u>? atl,L •suor~>?puauzuzoaa~ ~uaura~ugn asrou pu>? sis~ijuun asrou aq~ .zoo srs~q aqi uzao~ asatiZ •aszou ~t?mti~iri uror~ s~auduzi ~urssasst? ~o~ sprnpuu~s alquaiidd~ sauii~no uoi~aas sttiZ saanp~a~oad pue /(~i~od ~e~o~ pue a~e~S 0'ti 8002 ~inr 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~u.zQ p.z~nainog sai~i~ .zaisiS g •7NI ~S31bI~OSSb ~ ~RIHI ~NOS11M WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCWTES, INC. 9 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 In the area of study for the Project most receivers fall into either Category B or E. A maximum peak hour noise level criteria of 67 dBA, Leq applies at the exterior of residences, recre-ational areas, playgrounds or parks. A 52 dBA L~(h) criteria applies inside residences as indicated below. Primary consideration for noise abatement is for areas of frequent human use for .receivers at a height of 5 ft above the ground. Table 4-1- CALTRANS Noise Abatement Criteria (NAC) Land-use Hourly A-weighted Activity Noise Level, Description of Activities Category dBA Ley(h) Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary A 57 significance and serve an important public need. and where Exterior the preservation of those qualities is essential if the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose. Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active sport B Exterior areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, schools, churches, libraries, and hospitals. C 72 Developed lands, properties, or activities not included in Exterior Categories A or B above. D -- Undeveloped lands. E 52 Residences, motels, hotels, public meetings rooms, schools, Interior churches, libraries, hospitals, and auditoriums. 5.0 Study Methods and Procedures The noise prediction method used in this analysis is that prescribed by CALTRANS Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol4 (TNAP) following the guidelines contained in the Technical Noise Supplements (TeNS). The computer model used for the prediction of future levels was FHWA's Traffic Noise Model (TNM) version 2.5. The overall procedure consists of developing a computer model of existing conditions, calibrating the model with field measurements, and modifying it based on the proposed Project changes to calculate expected future noise levels. 5.1 Noise measurements Both long and short-term noise measurements were conducted to characterize the existing outdoor noise environment. The field measurements of noise levels with simultaneous traffic counts and vehicle breakdown (e.g., the number of cars, medium trucks and heavy trucks traveling the roads of interest while noise measurements are ongoing) provided a known input/output relationship necessary to calibrate the traffic noise model so as to minimize prediction errors. The model is then a Caltrans Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol ('TNAP) -For New Highway Construction, Reconstruction, and Retrofit Barrier Projects, August 14, 2006. 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The purpose of these measurements was: a) to develop calibration factors for the noise model based on actual vehicle speeds, traffic composition, and volumes observed during the noise sampling and b) to determine the difference: in noise levels between the long-term meters and the noise assessment locations. This was necessary in order to translate the highest hourly noise level registered by the long term monitors to the point of interest at the site which typically were the center of backyards at the residences studied, as the time when the short-term noise measurements were conducted did not necessarily correspond with the hour with the highest noise level. The determination of this noise level difference was accomplished by simultaneously measuring noise due to traffic with two sound meters, one located within a small distance of the long-term meter and the other at the noise assessment location. These sound meters were previously calibrated with the same precision calibrator so as to minimize errors. The weather conditions during the short-term measurements were partial sunny, with temperatures of around 50 degrees Fahrenheit. WNW winds were approximately 18 mph or lower at most locations with wind gusts of up to 35 mph during the afternoon hours. Measurement locations were selected close and far from Sister Cities Boulevard and at different heights to represent the various ground elevations between the residences and Sister Cities Blvd throughout the area of study. Short-term measurements were conducted at a total of 7 different locations, half of which coincided with those for the long-term measurements. The short-term measurement locations are shown in Figure 5-1 and indicated below in Table 5-2. Measurements were conducted simultaneously at nominal microphone heights of 5 ar~d 12 feet above the ground. The purposed of two measurement heights was to identify noises which would correlate well with those impinging on first and second stories of homes. Table 5_2 - Rhnrt-term Nnise Mea,curement Locations Noise Measurement Approximate Site Description Location Time of Day 1 11:30 a.m. 103 Highland Avenue front yard 2 11:30 a.m. Along Randolph Avenue next to 134 Belmont Avenue backyard 3 11:30 a.m. 135 Claremont Ave front yard 4 11:30 a.m. 125 Claremont Ave backyard 5 3:00 p.m. 1215 Edison Avenue backyard 6 3:00 p.m. 13:? Randolph Avenue backyard 7 3:00 p.m. PG`&E easement next approximately 30 feet from 29 Darnonte Avenue backyard property fence. asiou .~o~ ~unoaan o~ iapouz auk o~ ~ndu1 osin a.z~ (siuu~is `suits doffs `•a•i) saainap io.z~uoa mom •itos asooi pun ssna~ piai~ ~i~souz am saa~~~ns punoa~ aauis «~~os„ ~iiant~nia.~ aq o~ pauznss~ si ad~i~ puno.~~ aq~ `sis~iinun siu~ .zo3 •aa.znos asrou aq~ uzo~~ aau~~sip q~im sa~~nua~~~ punos gargm ~~ a~~a: aq~ s~aa~~~ uatum `(~~os `p~q `•~•a) pal~raacis aq u~~a punoa~ ~o ad~i~ aq~ `uoi~ippn uI •~C.~~auzoa~ .rai.za~q ~upsixa pun `~fudn.~~odo~ `suoT~naoi .~aniaaa.~ `ai3:i~a~ pun ~ix~auzoa~ ~nmp~oz apniaur iapouz aslou a~~ o~ s~ndul ~apow asioN ~i~eal aa~nduao~ 5•Z '~ WNl E'S •siagiaap Z•0 -~+ uiu~im a~~.znaa~ aa~ s~a~auz ~uipaoaaa~ uz~a~-sous auk aitum `siagiaap s•0 -~+ uaam~aq ~ii~ald~i~ si saa~auz uz~a~-~uoi auk ~o ~a~~naa~ aq,L •(ZSII~I) ~~oiouuaaZ pug aauaTaS ~o a~n~r~sul inuoi~~N au~ o~ aignaa~.z~ ~a~.znaan u~im s~o~n.~gri~a ~o sunauz ,~q n~np ~urx~~ .za~~~ pun a~o3aq pa~~.~gii~a sem ~uauzdmba ~uauxazns~aux Iii' •sianai asiou va.I pa~u~iam-~ auluz.za~ap o~ passaao.~d-sod a.zam saidu~ns pap.zoaa.~ au.L •s.~ap.zoaa.z (1,~Q) adn~ oipnn in~r'~Tp o~ ~ndui s.~a~auz lanai punos uoisiaa.zd I ad~Z aat~fx ~g ian~g ~utsn pa~anpuoa a.~am s~uauza.znsnauz uz~a~-~ouS •uaa.zaspuim pun auoudo.~aruz inu.~a~xa un u~im dpi ~oo~d .~auanam ~ ui pasoiaua snm .~o~iuouz gang •s.za~auzisop asu>u OOg pun OOL sai.zaS sinnQ uos.zng pa~n.zado ~i.za~~~nq u~im pa~anpuoa aaam s~uauzamsnauz asTOU uz.~a~-~uoi au.L ~uauadinb3 ~uauaaanseaw Z•5 suoil~ao7 ~uau~a~ns~ay~ asto~ - i-S a~n~i,~ ~ae~ 04 00 OOZ OL OS 0 suol;eoo~ ;uawa~nseay~ weal-~oyg •~ suol;eoo~ ;uawamseaw ua~al-6uo~ ~ pua6a~ -~ ~ `LJ ~ ~ ~. ,9'., - Z~ ~~ d , ~,3 ~~~~ 5 '. ~ ~{'~ ~~ ~ ~~~ d, -.. ,` ,, tt,, s.~,~ 3-q~ M ~ .~ ~ D -11-y N J 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asTON ~~n~Q prnnainog sat~T~ .za~siS Z i •~NI ~S31dI~OSS`d'S ~~I~HI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 13 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 from accelerating vehicles at intersections. The model also accounts for changes in road elevation since higher noise levels are associatf;d with engines operating on steep inclines. Currently, TNM incorporates four different roadway pavement types: Dense-graded asphalt (DGAC), open-graded asphalt (OGA,C), concrete (PCC), and `Average', which is a combination of DGAC and PCC. For this analysi s, the model assumes `Average' pavement, since, per Federal policy, the use of other types is not yet approved without substantiation and special permission from the FHWA. Existing Conditions Traffic volumes on Sister Cities Boulevard were counted simultaneously with the short-term noise calibration measurements made in April. The 1-hour traffic volumes at locations 1 through 4 were obtained directly through traffic count. For the remaining locations (5 through 7), the 30-minute count obtained was later scaled to l-hour traffic volume. Truck percentages used to calibrate the noise model are based on these short; duration counts. The percentage of total trucks6 from the total volume observed during the hours of traffic count ranged between a 3.2 and 5.4 percent. The noise model assumes an average typical speed of 40 mph based on radar-gur.~ observations during the traffic count exercises. ]Flow control devices such as street signals were input into the model where they potentially affect wayside noise levels to receivers near intersections. The geometry and roadway elevation for the Project were provided by the City of South San Francisco in GIS and ACAD electronic format and were then transferred to the traffic noise model, TNM. Table 5-3 shows the traffic volume obtained during counts used to calibrate the noise model. Table 5-4 shows the short-term equivalent noise levels (L~[h]) measured at the seven locations where WIA made calibration measurements. The table shows the TNM calculated noise levels at each short-term noise measurement location and the resulting TNM adjustment factor which is determined by subtracting the predicted noise level obtained as a result of the counts from the measured noise level. The height of the present sound wall on the south side of Sister Cities was determined to be 7 feet based on visual observations and physical measurements made by WIA in the field.. This barrier height was incorporated into the computer model. Roadway elevations and receiver heights were based on topographic information provided by the City. Table 5-3 -Traffic Volumes and Truck Mix used for Calibration Time Direction Autos Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Motor- cycles Time Observed m 11:30 am to 12:30 EB 276 11 5 3 1 hour p WB 309 9 7 3 1 hour 3:00 pm to 3:30 pm EB 211 8 3 0 30 minutes WB 274 6 3 1 30 minutes 6 Including Medium and Heavy Trucks as defined by FHWA. •apim~i~t~ s~aafo.~d pa~aafo.~d pun pano.~ddn din papniaur uaium salpn~s ag~n.~~ auk ~q pa~atpa.zd asnaraui at~~n~~ a~n.zann auk paiiddn ~'It1C1 `asna.~aut innuun aqa ~ut~nuzi~sa uI •~uaa.~ad S ~o asnaaaui innuun un ~uiumssn .rna~ u~isaQ auk o~ pa~snaazo~ azam sauznlon asau,L '£OOZ aunt ~ui.znp aniz~Q oasiaun.~3 uns pun p.znnainog aaous~ng uaam~aq p.~nnainog sar~r~ .za~sis uo pau-n~go saumion aT~~n.r~ q~im ~rn paptno.zd uotsiniQ ~ulzaaui~ug s~oastauna~ uns u~nos ~o ~~t~ auZ 'OZOZ .~na~ auk o~ pa~nuzr~sa aram iapouz astou auk ui pasn sauznion. ar~~n.z~ aqZ .zna~ a rsaQ OZOZ - suoi~tpuo~ aan~n3 •suoilaipa.~d a~nan3 ~ui~n~ggna ao3 sisnq aqa si pue suoiaipuoa ay3nia ~ua~luap~ .-o; pa]aipald pue pa.~nsnau~ uaan~~aq aaua~a33ip aqa st aoaae3 auauiasnfpd IHI~I.L •ti •uoUnlggna ~apoua .~a~ndu~oa y~NZ 3o asod.md aqa io3 ag~11 ~uiaunoa a~iym uo~lrao~ luawssasse as~ou aql 1e pa.~nsnam b'-I alnuiuz 09 0~ 0£ uzoa3 pa~eiodn.z~xa snn~ [q]''a-1 •£ •palunoa ~uiaq snro a~3na1 a~igm uotluaoj ~uamssasse gana In pa.~nsnaui ~ana~ asiou aua~nnmba aqa si [q]~'-~ •Z •puno~~ ~uipuno~ans anogE ~q$iaq auoydoia~m alem~xo.iddd • ~ :saaoN £+ 6S -- Z9 -- Zi ~uauzasna ~~BJd ~ ao~ i+ LS -- 8S -- S 0 i9 -- i9 -- ZI and udlopun2i Zf;i 9 ao"I £+ 9S -- 6S -- S £- £9 -- 09 -- Zi and uosipg 9Z l S ao'I 0 8S -- 8S -- S ~+ -- iS -- SS Zi and ~uouta.~ni~ S"Z i ~ ao'I Z+ -- 6~ -- i S S £- -- i9 -- 8S Zi and ~uouza.ml~ S £ i £ aoZ 0 -- SS -- SS S i- -- 8S -- LS Zi and ~uouilag ~£ i Z ao'I 0 -- SS SS S i- -- Z9 -- i9 Zi and puniu~?H £Oi i ao'I i- -- 6S -- 8S S boo;a~3 I^id I^i~ Yid L~i~ uoi;eaoZ QI uoile.~giie~ Pa~aipa~d L~iI~I,L Iuasaad pa~ns~ay~ ~Iaa~) lq~tag ~oldaaa•g L~iI~IS j (~'gp) [u~ba'I - ia~aZ asto~ s~o;aed uotl~.~gtie~i y~~Z pug sia~aZ asio~ u.~aa;-~oqs pa~ns~ay~ •- ~-S aiq~Z 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~s asroN ~~n.rQ pannalnog sai~i~ .za~sis ~ i •JNI ~S31bI~OSSb'S ~RIHI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 15 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft. Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 The computer model for the Design 'Year (2020) is based on the peak hour traffic volurnes for the morning and afternoon hours under free-flow conditions. Based on the 2003 traffic counts, the hours with peak-traffic volume selected were 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. Table 5-5 shows the eastbound and westbound traffic volumes used in the noise model under morning and afternoon scenarios. 'The 2020 scenarios assume a 1.1 percent heavy truck mix per observation during the traffic count. For medium trucks the mix used was 2.1 and 3.6 percent (eastbound and westbound respectively), and a nominal 0.4 percent motorcycles mix. The models assume typical vehicle speeds of 40 ~nph as the future posted speed for through traffic. Table 5-5 -Traffic Volumes Used ifor Modelin;l= 2020 Desi;lrn Year Num. of Autos Medium Trucks Heavy Trucks Motorcycles Time Direction Lanes %o Volume % Volume % Volume ~% Volume AM EB 2 95.0 2009 3.6 76 1.1 23 0.4 8 WB 2 96.5 546 2.1 12 1.1 6 0.4 2 PM EB 2 95.0 802 3.6 30 1.1 9 0.4 3 WB 2 96.5 2282 2.1 50 1.1 25 0.4 8 6.0 Present Noise Ens/ironment The results of the long-term noise surveys are summarized in Table 6-1. The table; indicates the typical Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) and the peak hour Leq noise level obtained from measurements at each of the five locations. Table 6-1 also shows the Caltrans Noise Abatement Criteria (NAC) and the City's exterior CNEL threshold for noise impact. The long-term data in the table is presented with adjustments made to account for any difference in noise levels between the location of the long-term monitor and the backyard or front yard center of the closest receptor. This adjustment is necessary given the fact that long-term, unattended noise monitors can only be secured to trees, light poles, etc. at heights usually above those oaf the receivers of interest. Adjustments presented in the table ~rre based on the difference (delta) obtained between the 12 feet and 5 feet high microphone locations evaluated during the short-term measurements. The full time history records (without adjustment) are contained in Appendix B, with each chart representing one 24-hr period. The existing noise environment is dominated by vehicle traffic along Sister Cities Boulevard, vehicle traffic on Hillside Boulevard, and local traffic. Another contributing source of ambient noise in the area of study is aircraft flyovers from San Francisco International Airport (SFO). Weekday noise level patterns typical of environmental noise near vehicular traffic are evident in the data. The levels tend to increase during morning commute hours, remain somewhat elevated throul;hout the day, taper off at night, and are lowest in the early morning hours. •sai~i~ .ia~sis uzoi~ ~aa~ 00£ ~Cla~nu~rxoiddn pa~~aoi snrn sis~ii~u~ stuff .ion pa~nprinn ~o~daaa.i ~saq~.in~ aqZ •~aad OOS puo~faq aau~~sip ao~ pa~i~pii~n uaaq sou Iapoui asiou agd>?.i~ auk ssaiun ~aa~ O~OS puo~aq s.io~daaar .ion iapouz .ia~nduioa y~NZ ai~~ ~o asn aq~ sa~n.rnoasip su>?~~i~~ •p.r~na1nog sai~i;~ .za~sis utoi~ ~aa~ pg£ o~ do uasoua aiarn s~o~daaa.z palapoy~ •p>?o.i ails o~ ~aadsa.i u~irn alt~o.rd uin.iaaa .inlluzis n u~irn ~q.inau uoi~~aoi ~uauaains~auz asiou: ~uainnmba ~Ilnai~SnOa~ n ~n baZ .inou xrad pains~a~ui pug pa~>?inaina auk uaarn~aq aaua~addip aq~ uo pasnq s~insai auk ~uiinas uau~ pug `sauznion auiias~q ails ~uisn va.I ~Ianoil aq~ ~ui~ulnaiua sag panionui va.I .inou x~ad auk tlsiiq~~sa o~ pasn pou~au:i au~ `parns>?auz you s~rn ~~~p asiou ~uasaad a.iarn s.ianiaaai ~soui ao3 •~aafoad aq~ ~o pua uaau~nos auk ~~ s.iau~o inuoi~ipp~ autos snid paui.io~.rad ararn s~uauza.ins>?auz asiou uz.za~-~~oqs aiarn asoy~ ~iireuziid a.rarn pajapoui s~aniaaa.i ail,L •~pn~s ~o na.in atl~ uttliirn s.iau~o i>?.ianas do anr~>?~uasa.zdai a.in ~~u~ s.ianTaaai ~~ sianai astou pa~aipaid iapou;~ asiou aq1, •Z-L aiq>?~, ut rnoiaq ~pa~elnqu~ ain suoi~aafo~d asaq~ ~o s~jnsa.i ails pu>? i -L a.in~i~ ut umous ain paiapoui suoi~~aoi .ranraaa.i aqZ •sauiou ~o sp.z~~~a~q aq~ o~ apnui uaaq an~u suoi~aafo.id asioN 'OZOZ .i~a~ aq~ .ion pnjg sai~i~ .ia~sis uo s~s~aa~o~ ai~d~.i~ uo pas~q warn slanal asiou a.in~nd ~uauuuoainu3 asioN a~a~ u~isaa OzOZ 0'L •SP S9 do ~~~t?duzi asiou .iod piogsa.iu~ Z~N~ auk moiaq ~gp I ls>?aI ~n sum ~nq~ Z~N~ t? q~irn ~a.i~ ul? ui pa~>?aoI a~ saauapisa.i `uoi~ngt.i~sip asiou ~nou-~Z aq~ o~ ~~~adsa.z il~i~ •sasn puns Iui~uapisaa ao~ uoi.ia~i.ra .ioiia~xa ~gp L9 aq~ rnoiaq aiouz .io ~gp £ a.iarn sba~ .rnou-x~ad •suoi~~aoi iii ~n ~anduii asiou .ion -~gN~i p~ogsaau~ .ioi~a~xa s~~~i~ auk pug (~~N) ~iia1~~ ~uauza~~gd asioN auk rnoiaq ~j~ua.zina si paipn~s s.io~daaai asiou do uoi~~aoi auk ~~ asiou ~uaiqui~ ~u1~sTxa aqZ •laa3 S 3o iq~iaq iuauzssass~ a>> uaxna;uauza.znseay~ •.~oian3 iuaurisnfpn un inogiim uor~eao~ •£ •uz•~ ~ pun •u~•d pi uaamiaq sianai asiou of paiiddn ~iinuad gp pi n pun •uz•d pi pun •uz•d ~ uaamiaq sianai asiou o1 paiiddn ,~iinuad gp s n uitm poirad .~noq-~Z n .nano lanai asiou paiq~iam-d at~i ~o bad atiZ : (ZgN~) Tana-~ iuainnmbg as~oN ~uununuo~ •Z •(q~iu iaa; S ~~ ~ili~atd~ii) uopeaoi ;uauissassn asiou aui pun uotiisod .~oiruou~ uz.rai-~uoi aqi uaamiaq sianai asiou ur aauaaa33ip aqi X03 iunoaau o; .~oian3 n;lap n ~iq paisnfpu uorinaoi ya~a ie s~np in.~anas .nano pa~nsnaur bad .~noq asiou ~inad inard~ii aril 3o a~u.~ann un si ~Li~ba'I ~iLad 'i saaoN Z9 Z9 I9 S9 L9 and ~uouilag ~£ I g ao-I 8S LS SS S9 L9 and ~uoiua.ini~ SZi -Q ao7 i9 £9 LS S9 L9 and ax>?.iQ 90i ~ ao-I ~9 i 9 £9 S9 L9 and uosipg 9Z i S aoZ ~9 Z9 £9 S9 L9 and puniu$iH £0 i ~ ao7 uoou~a~~~ ~uiu~oy~ uoi~~aoZ •aag Qg •aag Z~u~ z Z~u~ z ~VI~I (~gp) ~q~baZ ~Ieacl pa~ns~ay~ ~~a~~a (pa~snrp~~ s~anaZ astoN ui~a~-~uoZ ~uasa.~d pa~aasgp pug ~taa~i~~ uoi~enle~~ ~- i-9 aiq~s 8002 ~inl 9i - ~pn~S asioN ~~n.zQ p.i~nainog sai~i~ .iaasiS 9I •JNI ~S31dI~OSSb ~ ~R1H1 ~NOS11M WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 17 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 Modeling of the future condition (Yf;ar 2020) predicts increases in peak-hour noise levels in a range of zero to 5 decibels depending on receptor location and the influence of local traffic. The results provided by the model indicate that projected noise levels from Sister Cities Boulevard for the 2020 design year would not. exceed the NAC level of 67 Leq,Pe~Lh] in the Area of Study. However, residences located at the corner of Sister Cities and Hillside Boulevard would experience future peak-hour noise levels approaching the NAC level. Traffic noise impacts occur per 23 CFR 772.5 when the predicted future noise approaches or exceeds the NAC. Approach is defined in the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol as 1 dBA below the NAC for a given activity (e.g., residences). Therefore, the receptors at 1006 Hillside Boulevard and 103 Highland Avenue would qualify for noise abatement. Future exterior noise exposure due t~o traffic noise on Sister Cities Boulevard would Y-e, in terms of CNEL, between 57 and 67 dBA. Tlhe City's exterior CNEL threshold for noise impact of 65 dBA would be matched or slightly exceeded at design receivers located in two areas of the Area of Study: • At two homes located at the- corner of Sister Cities and Hillside Blvd the future CNEL is expected to be 66 to 67 dBA. • At five homes along Randolph Street between Spruce Avenue and Pecks Avenue, the projected CNEL is expected t:o be 65 dBA. Y Legend Future 2020 Noise Levels (L.eq_pk/CNEL) 0 l65 130 I ~60 Figure 7-1-Projected Future (Year 2020) Unmitigated Peak-hour Leq and CNEL due to Sister Cities Traffic Noise. •£-L aan~t3 ur umous si saaun~sip aiangpioq asaq~ ~o uogn~uasa.rda.~ a~nuzlxoaddn innsin ~ •pa~uasaad a.zn sianai asrou .znoti ainad y~iF~ ~Ciuo asna siq~ .~o,d •asna q~~ual-iin3 aq~ o~ paanduzoa uau,~n saaun~srp ~iangpiou ~uaza~~rp u~im pa~aadxa va.~ .~noq-ainad auk ~o asna.~auT auk snnous i -L aignZ •uoi~aas.~a~ur aq~ o~ iinm .~ai.~znq punos auk pua~xa o~ inaT~an.~d aq you ~q~1uz ~1 sanssr inat~a~i~san pun ~~a~ns o~ anp ~nq~ `.~anannou pun~s.zapun am •anuan~ puniu~iH £Oi pun p.znnainog apisiiT.H 9001 ~~' sauzo~i aq~ o~ ~uipiatus ~souz auk apTno.rd o~ sn gan.s aq pinous ~sarn aq1 0~ iinrn .~ai.zinq punos au~ ~o ~ua~xa au1, •~~riigisna~ sit un~i~ ant~aafgns azouz s1 a.~nsnauz ~uauza~ngn asiou n ~o ssauaignuosna.z aq~ ~o uoi~nuiuz.za~ap aq~ ~nui sa~n~s osin ~i `.zanannoH •aignuosnar parapisuoa aq oa ~i.~nssaaau u~nuiiuiuz auk aq o~ gp s ~o uoganpa.z ~ s.rapisuoa suna~in~ `.ranoa.~o~ •.rau~ru .~o fop s ~nogn .zap.~o auk uo a.xn ~au~ ~t aignaat~ou ~ii.nraia a.zn sianai asiou ui sa~uncia `£•£ uorlaas ui p~a~naipur s~ •siagi,~ap inuor~ippn ~o aidnoa ~ ~q sao~daaa.z ~o sdno.z~ asau~ ~i~auaq pinonn ~sann aq~ spznnno~ iinm punos ~ur~ixa auk ~urpua~xa `a.zo~a.zaq,I, 'iinm punos qua>azd aq~ ~q papino.zd ~ipna.zin ~urpiaTus auk o~ anp s~~ pa~aadxa uoi~anpa.z ~sapouz auk `asna siu~ uI •pa~:>aias ~q~iau auk uo ~uipuadap ~gp ~ pun Z uaann~aq a~un.z pinom uoisua~xa iinM .~atunq punos aq~ 6;q paplno.zd asiou lit uoi~anpaa auk `(and s~iaad pun and udiopun~) ~aaford aq~ 3o pua ~souz uaa~sna auk up •auo ~saiin~ auk trim ~gp ~ o~ Z pun paz~iinun iinm punos .za~ocis aq~ u~im ~gp Z o~ i ~o aap.zo auk uo aq pinom (and uosipg Z t i •$•~~) ~aa3 00£ ~ia~nuzixo.zddn ~n pa~naoi s.zaniaaa.z ao~ uor~anpaa asrou pa~aafo.zd aq1, •~mm~ .~au~n3 paalnaoi asoq~ ~n unq~ pinnainog sai~T~ ~a~sis o~ .~asoia pa~naoi s.~o~daaa.r ~n ssauani~aa~~a ii~m punos ~aq~tu n `pa~aadxa sn `nnous aign~ aq~ uo pa~uasa~d s~insa~ aq1, •oi.znuaas ioa~uo~~ asiou liana ao~ aaniaaa.~ u~isap liana ~~ uoi~anpa.r asrou pa~aadxa auk s~uasa.zd osin aign~ aqZ •pa~nninna ~q~rau iinrn punos liana .zoo s.zaniaaaa u~isap auk ~n sianai astou .rnoq-ainad pa~aafo.zd aq~ molts Z-L algn,I. •uot~aas.za~ui ~nq~ aao~aq iinrn .zai.~znq punos aye ~uipua u~inn pa~niaossn sianai astoU: lit sasnaaaui pa~aadxa aq~ sa~nninna uaium .~a~ni pa~uasa~d si sis~inun a~n.~ndas ~ •p.znnainog aptsiiil3 ~g sat~i~ ~a~sis ~o uoi~aas.za~ui auk o~ paiuna aq o~ pauznssn snnn Z-L aignZ lit pa~uasa.zd uoi~nninna int~iut auk .zoo iinM aat.z.znq punos a~i~ ~o ~ua~xa a:ra~sann auZ •ianai punoa~ ~sa1~i~ .~a~sis o~ ~aadsaa u~inn am suor~nnaia iiV •~aa~ pi pun g `q :sanr~nuza~in suoT~nnaia iinM punos aani~ .~o~ unz snrn iaporu asiou auZ •Iinm .zar.unq punos ~ui~sixa auk ~o uorsua~xa un sn pinnainog sat~i~ .za~sis ~o a~pa u.zati~nos aq~ ~n pa~naoi snrn iinrn aat.unq punos n `sa.~nsnauz ioa~uoa u~irn uoT~ipuoa asiou ai~~n~~ a.~n~n3 aq~~ iapoui o,L •piousa.zu~ ~anduzi asiou s ~~~T~ acid ao ~~l~i ~urpaaaxa .~o~ ini~ua~od aq~ pun s~~anai asiou a.~n~n~ .~o ~ur~srxa ~uasa.~d auk ~o ssaip.~n~ar ~aafo.~d a.rr~ua aq~ quoin s.~o~daaa.~ .~o~ apnuz snnn sa.~nsnaua ioa~uoa asiou ~o ssauangaa~~a aq~ ~o s~s~iinun auZ •~pn~s ,io na.r~ aq~ ~n p.rnnainog sai~i~ aa~sis uzor~ sianaj asiou a.~n~n~ aanpa.z o~ saansnauz io.z~uoa astou uo uol~nninna iapouz aslou aye 3o s~insa.z auk sassnaslp aot~aas sTgZ saanseaw ~oa~uo~ asioN ~'L 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~S astoN ~~n.zQ p.rnnainog sat~i~ .za~siS 8 i •JNI 'S31b1~OS5~d ~ ~R1HI'NOS11M WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 19 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -~ 16 July 2008 Table 7-1-Projected Noise Increrr~ent for a SBW held back from the intersection Peak-Hr Leq Increment (dBA) Location 50 ft 90 ft 120 ft 160 ft 1006 Hillside Blvd 0.1 0.4 1.2 4.4 103 Highland Ave 0.1 0.1 0.3 L9 tro J N I C -~ C .-• CD O s' O (~ A~ ,.- O A~ h N O N C/] O a .-.. N -cy G 8002 ~inf 9 i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~n.zQ p.z~nainog sa1~i~ ~a~sis OZ '~NI ~S31dI~OSSd'8 ~RIHI ~NOS11M WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 21 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study - 16 July 2008 Figure 7-3 -Proposed Model for Evaluating the Westernmost end of the Sound Barrier Wall Cr] ~"" lT1 ~ ~ ~ ' W c~, W N W ~O ` ~ d ~l d ~l ~ N O~ W ~ N vi ~ N N ~ ~--' oo ' O W ' ' O O ~ ~ . ~. n ~ /U ~ y 1~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ c ~ = ~ ~ a ~ a ° a. ° o ~ o ~ ~ (u ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~s , . m ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n n a a ~ ~ Y ~ ~ a ~ r"' o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ a a ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ CD c ~ ~ ¢, o a °c . ., ~ ~ o ~ ~ o ~ C" ~ ~s w ,~ ~ ~ o ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O~ O~ O~ r-~ ~ C!1 ~ O 00 ~ O N ~ fD ~ V~ ~ . ~ _ 0o O N ~ ~ N N N fad ,..r ~ ~, p ~~ ~ n ~ ~ C7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ Cn ~ ~ ~ W ~ O~ O~ ivy ¢ ~ ^'S C" ~' fD ~s ~ %h r '" ~ ~ CJ1 W W W ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ o o ~ ~ ~* a o '~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1v,r~ ~ ~ o, N rn -P rn ~-' ~ Oo ~ W a, ~ ~, ~ rn N v, ~1 v, ~ a, W o~ W o~ 01 o, O~ ~ td ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ to ~"' p ~ ~ ` -~ ~ Vl C1 'b W N N N Vi W N ~ N ~ C!i ~ ~ J ~~ f9 `~~ ~ ~~ fD ci ~ ~ ,-..Z ~P W N W C!1 ~ N C!i W N c!~ C!~ 00 ~O ~ f~D CC ~~. ~ ~ fD ~ o fD a ~~ ~] ~ W ~ O~ O~ ~ ~l ~ N 00 00 ~ ~ ~ A M~ rp r* O :~ ~°~ r;ti ~, ~D ~ N ~ ~ ~ O~ ~ 0o a\ r~ ~ N ~, 00 ~ CJi ~ w ~ oo ~ ~p a, O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ . ~fl ~ ~~ ~ ifl N t1 ~ v~ 00 O~ ~ Cn ~ to Cn cn 0o ~ O ~ N c.n J c.n ~ N N ~ 00 ~ 00 ~ 00 Cn ~l ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ -b "~ r"r. 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The results of those comprehensive studies indicate that although tlhe increase in noise level resulting from construction of a typical reflective sound wall was measurable, it amounted to between 1 and 2 decibels. Amore thorough description of the problem and references to the studies can be found in Chapt~°r N-8000 of CALTRANS's Technical Noise Supplement of the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol manual. Please see Section 3.4 in this report for references and Internet links. To put these numbers in perspective, it should be remembered that, in general, people cannot perceive increases in noise levels of less than 3 decibels, with the exception of trained subjects under carefully controlled laboratory experiments. Alternative materials to standard masonry blocks include: 1. Transparent panels made out of clear glass or plastic such as Plexiglas, Butacite, Surlyn, Lxan, etc. This is a good alternative to eliminate the visual impact of a noise barrier. However, it does provide maintenance and vandalism issues and does not alilow room for including absorptive material if needed. The cost is normally 20 times more than that of standard barrier panels or masonry block construction. 2. Plastic noise barrier made of polyethylene, PVC and fiberglass. These are lightweight noise barriers and can accommodate sound absorptive material. One manufacturer o~f plastic noise barrier is Soundsorb http://www.soundsorb.com/ 3. Recycled rubber noise barriers are currently under study. However, flammability, smoke and toxicity are the main issues of using of this alternative. 4. Composite barrier are normally made of two or more primary material such as wood mixed with concrete. This category also includes all mixed of sound absorptive material mixed into the concrete or precast concrete panels. Some of the manufacturer of absorptive concrete noise barriers are Smith-Midland Softsound http://www.smithmidland.com/soundwall.shtml and Soundsorb from Concrete Solutions Inc. http://www.soundsorb.com A special case of noise barrier wa.s presented as Living Sound Wall. This model was initially negotiated in 1995 and 1996 between the City of Berkeley and Caltrans to construct the first "Living Wall". However, it has not been yet implemented. The noise wall is a berm-like structure. Design constraints included highly restrictive geometry and stringent seismic requirements. Finally, sound absorbent wall materials have not been yet approved by Caltrans for reasons of structural integrity, cost or other factors. Furthermore, the use of sound absorbent materials to minimize reflections off walls is likely to have only a very minor effect, as concluded by Caltrans and FHWA studies. Such material should have a Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of 0.85 or better in order to be effective at all. i ne i.[v[ng w au arrucrura[ r ramewvrx sydea~o~oyd uo~~e~o~ ~uau,aanseaw pue snnain ~eiaad d xipuaddd 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asto~ ~~~.zQ p.~~nalnog sai~i~ .za~siS T'H 'JNI ~S31M~OS5~' ~ ~RIHI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. A-2 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Studv -- 16 July 2008 ~ Loan No1Mr alas Figure A- 1 Aerial View of Measurement Locations 1 and A Figure A- 2 Locations 1 and A - lA3 Highland Avenue. Noise monitors in front yard by light pole aiod ui s.~o;iuou.~ asi~o~ •anua~~;uou.~jag b£I - ~ pug Z suoi~~aoZ t~ -~ a~n~[3 ~ ~? t ~. . ~ .. ~ ~ Q P~~ b `£ `Z soot;eaoZ ;uauia.~ns~ay~ ~o MaiA j~i~a~ f' -~ a~n~~ ~~~Y ~~N'~M ~o~IB 8002 ~inf 9I - ~pn~s asioN ~~~.~Q p.n?nainog sai~t~ .~a~siS £-~' ~~N~'S31M~OSSb' ~ ~~~Hi'NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, wc. A-4 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study - 16 July 2008 Figure A- 5 Locations 3 -135 Claremont Avenue. Noise monitor in front yard Figure A- 6 Locations 4 and D -125 Claremont Avenue. Noise monitors in backyard and tree (uMOgs;ou) aaa; ui s.~o;iuoui asiou •anua~~ uosip~ 9Zi - S suouuaoZ 8; -~ a.~n~~ ~ pug g ~S suoi;~aoZ;uauia~ns~ay~ ~o MaiA je~a~ ~, -~ a~n~i3 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~s asTON ~~~.zQ prenajnog sai~i~ ~a~sT.S S-~' '~NI'S31dI~OSSU'8 ~RIHI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. A-6 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 ~_ Figure A- 9 Location C -106 Drake Avenue. Noise monitor in tree Figure A- 10 Aerial View of Measurement Location 6 (sai~i~ ~a~sis sp~>en~oZ q~.~o~ ~u~ooi) ~uauias~~ ~ag~d - ~ uo~>~ao-~ Z1; -~ aan~i3 ~ uor~~aoZ ;uauia~nseay~ ~o MaiA I>~i.~a~ I l~ -~ aan~i3 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~n.zQ pa~nainog saiaT.~ .za~sTS L-F~ ~~NI'S31dI~OSSd'8 ~RIHI'NOS11M WILSON, IHWG &,~SSOCIATES, INC. B-1 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Studv - 16 July 2008 Appendix B Long-Term Noise Monitoring Data The graphs that follow present the results from the long-term monitoring effort for each of the days surveyed at each of the 5 locations surveyed (locations A to E as described in Talble 5-1 on page 8 and as shown in Figure 5-1). They are numbered A-1 to A-8 for location "A", B-1 to B-8 for location "B", etc. These graphs present the level of the noise on the vertical (Y) axis versus time of the d'ay on the horizontal (X) axis for each of the five statistical indicators measured. See the Glossary in 7.2Appendix C for a definition of these indicators. Each line in these graphs is composed of 24 points, one for each hour of the day, starting at the first hour of the day on the left end of the plot (midnight to 1 AM), throughout noon and until the last hour of the day on the right end of the plot (11 PM to midnight). The date of the measurement is shown directly below the horizontal axis scale, while the daily average levels (Ldn, CNEL) as well as the hours when the highest level of noise took place (Peak Hour Leq) and the corresponding level reached are shown to the right of the statistical indicator's le€;ends below the plots. 8002 lladb 9l `JlbaS3Na3M NO a~IbJl 1NOad 3f1N3nb aNbIHJIH EO L lb a3af1Sb3W ~3N~ dNb S~3n31 3SION lb~IlSIlb1S Jll~1f1OH 061 ~ _ _ _ W d 5 l~ E9 ` Wb' 8 l~ 89 =bad a H ~1d 051 F~ ----- ----- -=, 89 = ~3N~ bad Old ~-b 3~In~ld OZ OE 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~Inr 9I - npn~s astoN ~~~.~Q p.~~nalnog sai~1~ .za~sis Z_g '~NI ~S31bI~OSSb'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM I~ - - - ady 9l `paM ---- - --~-~ Zl 6 9 E uoou 6 g g WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 80 70 m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 B-3 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 --- •, - ~_ ^, ,~ ~, 3 6 9 noon 3 'rte - Thu, 17 Apr ___ _ L1 Ldn = 67 L10 Leq CNEL = 67 -- -- L50 Pk Hr Leq= 67 at 7 AM; 65 at 4 PM _ L90 6 9 12 ~~ FIGURE A-2 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 103 HIGHLAND AVENUE FRONT YARD ON THURSDAY, 17 APRIL 2008 soot ~I~Id`d s~ `Jlddla~ NO ~J~It/Jl 1NOa~ 3(1N~nd aNV~HJIH EOl lb a3bflSd~W 13N~ dN`d 'S~~n3~ 3SION ~b~IlSll`d1S Jll~If1OH E-d 3af1Jl~ Wd Zl 1a 99~W`d8~aL9=ba~aH~id L9 = ~3N~ L9 = ups 06l 051 'u-_ ---- --- -- -~; bad Old ~, ~~e_ ~: G ~ ~ ~~ OZ 0£ Ob r~n O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 I Q D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~s asioN ~~~.zQ p.renainog sai~T~ aa~sis ~-g '~NI ~S31dI~OSSb'8'~RIHI ~NOSIIM ZG g g g uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 80 70 a m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 B-5 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Studv -- 16 July 2008 _ - - _ _ - __ -_ - . __ .. __, ~~ -, _~_ ~ r_. - -~ ~ .~ s --~ ~ o ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ , r -~ - ~~__~~.. - ~~ ,. :- . ~~- ~ . ,,, 'ems 3 6 9 noon 3 Sat, 19 Apr 6 9 12 __ _. L1 L10 ~--~ Leq L50 L90 Ldn = 67 CNEL = 68 Pk Hr Leq=65 at 11 AM; 65at2PM FIGURE A-4 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 103 HIGHLAND AVENUE FRONT YARD ON SATURDAY, 19 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Idb OZ `JlbdN(1S NO ~ObbJl 1NO~Id 3f1N~nb aNb~HJIH £O L lb 43af1Sb3W ~~N~ oNb S~~n3l ~SION ~b~IlSIlb1S ll~bflOH 5-b ~Hf1Jld Wd l ~~ ~9 ~Wb l l l~ Z9 =bad aH ~1d 59 = ~~N~ 59 = uP~ 061 051 ~`- ~, bad Old l~ ~-_ ~_~ - OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~S asioN ~~~aQ pa~nainog sai~t~ ~a~sis 9-S 06 '~NI'S31b1~OSS`d'8 ~RIHI'NOS11M F -- - ~idy OZ `unS -- - ~-~ g g E uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG &ASSOCIATES, INC. B-7 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 Q m 60 J W W J 0 ~ 50 O 40 80 70 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 - - Mon, 21 Apr _ _-... L1 Ldn = 67 L10 o---~ Leq CNEL = 67 ,t -- --- ~ L50 Pk Hr Leq= 66 at 8 AM; 71 at 3 PM L90 30 20 -~~ 12 FIGURE A-6 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 103 HIGHLAND AVENUE FRONT YARD ON MONDAY, 21 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Idb ZZ `J~daS~(11 NO a~l`dJl 1NO~Id 3(1N3nd aN`d~HJIH £O L ld a~~f1S`d3W l~N~ aNd S~3n3~ 3SION ~d~IlSll`d1S A~af1OH L-t/ 3bflJld 061 _ Wd 9 la 99 ~Wd L ~~ L9 =bal aH ~1d 09~ GL_.__._-------_-s; L9 = ~3N~ bad Old L9 = uP~ l1~~.__._~ ~-~~; OZ O£ 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 n. D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~s asioN ~~n.zQ p.z~nainog sar~r~ .~a1siS $_g '~NI'S31dI~OSS~"S ~RIHI'NOSIIM Zl 6 9 £ uoou g 9 E WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. B-9 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 80 70 m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 .___ ;; L1 L10 Leq ~~ _ _ - ~~~, L50 L90 Ldn = 67 CNEL = 67 Pk Hr Leq=68at8 AM; 64 at 5PM FIGURE A-8 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 103 HIGHLAND AVENUE FRONT YARD ON WEDNESDAY, 23 APRIL 2008 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 12 Imo- Wed, 23 Apr - - -- --~ 8002 ~I~Idt/ 9l `Jl`d4S3Na~M NO 3f1N3nd NOS1a3 9Z L Ol 1X~N ~f1N~nd Hd~OdNd~l lb a~~If1Sb3W l~N~ aNtf S~~n3~ ~SION ~b~IlSIld1S Jl~af1OH L-8 3aflJld Wd 9~~£9 ~W`dL1~99=ba~aH~1d 99 = ~3N~ 99 = uP~ ~~ Zl 061 051 u~ z,, bad Old l~ -r G.:. OZ OE 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 I a D OL 08 8002 ~Int 9I - ,~pn~s asioN ~3~.~Q p~nainog sai~i~ aa~sls Oi-g 06 '~NI ~S31bI~OSSd'8 ~RIHI'NOS11M --- ad`d 9 l `PaM ---- -- -----~-~ 6 g E uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG &ASSOCIATES, INC. B-11 Sister Cil:ies Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 r- ~~~ ~~~~~~~ Q m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 20 80 70 40 30 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 fE Thu, 17 Apr _ L1 Ldn = 66 L10 Leq CNEL = 66 R - - L50 Pk Hr Leq= 66 at 7 AM; 64 at 8 PM L90 12 FIGURE B-2 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 126 EDISON AVENUE ON THURSDAY, 17 APRIL 2008 8002 ~ladb 8l `Jlbdlbd NO ~f1N3nb NOSId~ 9Z G Ol 1X~N 3(1N3nb Hd~O4Nb~l lb a~aflSb3W ~~N~ aNb S~~n3~ ~SION ~b~IlSIlb1S Jl~af1OH £-8 3bflJld Wd~~a59~Wb8~a89=ba~aH~id L9 = ~3N~ L9=ups E ZL i 8002 ~inf 9I - ~Pn~S asio~ ~~~~Q p.z~nainog sat~i~ .za~s1S Zi_g 061 05~ ~z_________._-.__s, bad Old l l f-~~_ a __ ~ n_~~--~~-, OZ 0£ Ot~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 '~NI ~S31b1~OS5d'8 ~R1HI ~NOSIIM -__ _ ----- a is b 8 l ` d ---- - ~-~ 6 9 E uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG &ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 r,~T~- 80 70 m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 B-13 Sister Citifies Boulevard Draft Noise Study - 16 July 2008 3 6 9 noon 3 -- -- Sat, 19 Apr ___ _ , ;, L1 Ldn = 70 L10 Leq CNEL = 70 ~, - ~, L50 Pk Hr Leq= 67 at 10 AM; 69 at 2 PM L90 6 9 12 FIGURE B-4 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 126 EDISON AVENUE ON SATURDAY, 19 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Idt/ OZ `Jl`d4Nf1S NO ~f1N~n`d NOS1a3 9Z l Ol 1X3N ~f1N3nd HdlOaNb~l 1`d d~bflSd~W ~3N~ aNt/ S~3n3~ 3SION ~b~IlSllb'1S JllbflOH S-8 ~~If1Jid Wd E ~~ ~9 ~Wd L L ~~ Z9 =bad aH ~1d 59 = ~~N~ ~9 = uP~ Zl ~i F OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 Q D OL 08 06 061 051 ~~-- - ---- ~;;~ bad Old l 1 ~:_ ~- _._ _ . ___ _- --- -~ _. 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~~aQ p.~nainog saT~t~.za~srs ~i-S '~NI'S31bI~OSSb'S~R1HI'NOSIIM ~ -- - - ady OZ `unS --- ~-~ 6 9 S uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG &ASSOCIATES, INC. B-15 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 80 w ,~, m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 20 70 40 30 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 - - - - Mon, 21 Apr -- __ _ __._ _ L1 Ldn = 74 L10 Leq CNEL = 74 °~ - L50 Pk Hr Leq= 77 at 12 AM; 71 at 3 PM - L90 12 FIGURE B-6 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 126 EDISON AVENUE ON MONDAY, 21 APRIL 2008 8002 ~lad`d ZZ `Jl`ddS3f11 NO 3f1N~nb NOSIa~ 9Z G Ol 1X3N ~f1N~nb Hd~OaNdb 1`d a3aflSb~W ~~N~ aNb S~3n~~ ~SION ~d~IlSIld1S A~af1OH L-8 3bflJld Wd l 1~E9~WdL~~99=balaH~ld 99 = ~~N~ 99 = uP~ E- - Zl OZ OE 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~~.zQ p.z~nainog sa1~t~ aa~s1S 9i-S '~NI~S3IM~OSSd'B~RIHI'NOSIIM 06~ 051 ~' s;, bad Old L1 1~~_~,_M__ ~ ~_ed--~~l - ady Zz `anl - ~-I 6 9 E uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHWG &ASSOCIATES, INC. B-17 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -~ 16 July 2008 90 Q m 60 w w J ~ 50 O 40 20 80 70 ~___ ~~, .^. _. r ~_a ~. .'' ~ _. T ,- 30 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 IE _ - -- Wed, 23 Apr _ __ ;, L1 Ldn = 66 L10 Leq CNEL = 66 ~, -- ~ L50 Pk Hr Leq=66at7AM; 64at3PM L90 12 FIGURE B-8 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 126 EDISON AVENUE ON WEDNESDAY, 23 APRIL 2008 8002 ~ladb 9l `Jl`daS3N4~M NO a~IbJl 1NO~Id 3~Itfaa 90l lb a~~If1S`d~W ~~N~ 4Nd S~~n3~ 3SION lt/~IlSIlb1S Jl~bf1OH Wd ~~~59 °WdOI 109=ba~aH~1d £9 = ~~N~ Z9 = uP~ 05~ EEC ~~ '~ bad Old OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~ipn~s asioN ~~~aQ prenainog sai~T~ .za~sTS 8 i'S '~NI ~S31b1~OSSd ~ ~RIHI'NOS11M ~ - -- -_ ------ ady 9 L `paM - Z1 6 g g uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 ~~- --~ 80 m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 20 B-19 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -~ 16 July 2008 i.-~.. ~~ 70 p-~. ~~_ - ~~ ,~ ~ ~~ ~~ ° ~ r~ ~ f __ ~. •, _ ~ -_ ~' ~, ;, 40 30 ~_ 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 IE Thu, 17 Apr - - _. L1 Ldn = 65 L10 0-~ Leq CNEL = 67 °;x ~ , L33 Pk Hr Leq= 59 at 6 AM; 69.8 at 8 PM L50 12 FIGURE C-2 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 106 DRAKE FRONT YARD ON THURSDAY, 17 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Jdb 8l `Jlb'alad NO a~l`dJl 1NObd ~~i`db4 90l lb a~bflSb~W ~3N~ aN`d S~3n3~ ~SION ~b~IlSil`d1S JI~~If1OH E-~ ~bflJld 051 _. Wd 5 ~~ LL ~Wb l l l~ 59 =bad aH ~1d ££~ ~~- __ - ---_--~~,- 69 = ~3N~ bad Old OZ OE 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a W D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~pn~s astoN ~~~aQ p.~nainog sar~i~ aa~siS OZ'g '~NI ~S31dI~OSSd ~ ~RIHI ~NOSIIM E - - -- adb 8 l `!ad - Zl 6 9 £ uoou 6 g £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 80 70 B-21 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 ~._ - ~ ~,- - „ s ~----~ -~~ ,._Y ~. S~x~ ,.., ~~ , ~~: ' \1 I - --- - ~ - ~"~ - `~ ~, - Q m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 ------- - - Sat, 19 Apr - L10 Leq CNEL = 80 S - - L33 Pk Hr Leq= 75 at 3 AM; 77 at 2 PM L50 6 9 12 -~I FIGURE C-4 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 106 DRAKE FRONT YARD ON SATURDAY, 19 APRIL 2008 8002 ~Ibdd OZ `Jlt/aNf1S NO QadJl 1NOad 3~dba 90l 1`d a~bflSb3W ~~N~ aNd S~3n3~ 3SION ~d~IlSllt/1S JI~~If1OH 5-~ ~~I(1JId WdL1~~9~Wt/ 11~~85=ba~aH~id E9 = ~3N~ Z9 = uP~ Zl I 'r ~~ OZ 0£ Ot~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 09~ bad OII~ F ~ 4 _~,...v. .~_...~~ 7 , i 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~~~Q pa~nainog sai~1~ .za~siS ZZ$ '~NI'S31bIJOSSd'S ~RIHI'NOSIIM - -- -- ady OZ `uns ---- - ~•{ 6 9 E uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 ~~~~ 80 70 Q m 60 J W W J D ~ 50 O 40 B-23 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 ,n ~.., ~' .T <t ,_,b4 t ,_ ~, ,. - r ~.. - ~ ~``z~ 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 6 - -- Mon, 21 Apr L10 Leq CNEL = 63 °z -- - - ~ L33 Pk Hr Leq= 61 at 11 AM; 65 at 1 PM _ L50 9 12 ~1 FIGURE C-6 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 106 DRAKE FRONT YARD ON MONDAY, 21 APRIL 2008 8002 ~Ibdb ZZ `JlbOS3f11 NO dabJl 1NO~Id 3~1bba 90l lb a~aflSb3W ~~N~ ONb S~3n3~ 3SION ~b~I1SIlb1S Jl~~f1OH L-~ 3bflJld WdZllaZ9~W`d9~~ l9=ba~aH~id Z9 = ~~N~ Z9 = uP~ ZL OZ 0£ Ot~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 8002 ~inr 9i - ~pn~s astoN ~~n.~Q pn?nainog sai~i~ .za~siS ~Z'g 051 EEC ~~ ~;,. bad Old ~ ~ ~, __ __ ~___ ~ 06 '~NI ~531`dI~OSSb'S ~R1HI'NOSIIM F -- - ady ZZ `anl - ~.~ 6 g E uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 ~~~ B-25 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -~ 16 July 2008 80 70 a m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 I 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 12 ----- - -- Wed, 23 Apr ~' ,. ___ ~ L1 Ldn = 61 L10 ~--o Leq CNEL = 62 ~~ --- ---- - -°, L33 Pk Hr Leq= 62 at 10 AM; 62 at 4 PM L50 FIGURE C-8 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 106 DRAKE FRONT YARD ON WEDNESDAY, 23 APRIL 2008 8002 lladb ~Z `JlbdS~If1Hl NO a~It/Jl1NO~ld ~~dba 90l ld 43~If1Sb'~W l~N~ dNt/ S~3n~~ ~SION lb~IlSllt/1S JI~~If1OH 6-~ ~aflJid 051 Wd 6 ~~ 59 ~W`d 8 l~ 85 =bad aH ~1d EEC G- __s`, ~9 =13N~ bad Old £9 = uP1 Gl ~~-- _~ OZ OE 0~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~ipn~s asioN ~~~.zQ p.~nainog sai~i~ .za~siS 9Z-S '~NI'S31bI~OSSb'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM --- -- -- ----- _ _ _ - a d ~Z n 41 ---- -- -------- --~ Z~ 6 g E uoou 6 9 E wllsoN, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. B-27 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 Q m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 80 70 ~_. ~. _~ 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 - -- Wed, 16 Apr x _- - - L1 Ldn = 58 L10 ~ Leq CNEL = 59 f: -- --- ~ L50 Pk Hr Leq=57at6AM;54at 7PM L90 12 FIGURE D-1 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 125 CLAREMONT BACK YARD ON WEDNESDAY, 16 APRIL 2008 8002 ~Ibd`d L L `JldaS~If1H1 NO 4~bA ~i~b8 1NOW3ab~~ 5Z L ld 43~If1Sb~W l~N~ aNb S~~n3~ ~SION ~b~IlSIlb1S JI~~If1OH Z-d 3~If1Jld 061 Wd 5 ~~ L5 ~ Wb 9 ~~ 95 =bad aH ~1d 051 ~,~- __ -- -----------~,~ 85 = ~~N~ bad Old 85 = ups ll ~-e~-~a.~-__-~t OZ OE Oti O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inl 9i - ~pn~S asioN ~~~.~Q p.ILnainog saT~T~ .za~siS 8Z_g '~NI ~S31bI~OSSb~ ~~RIHI ~NOSIIM ~ - - - ady L l `nul --~•{ Zl 6 9 E uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 ~-~ ~-----~-.~ 80 70 Q m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 B-29 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 Fri, 18 Apr ___._ _ L1 Ldn = 58 L10 Leq CNEL = 58 ~~ - -- - ~°> L50 Pk Hr Leq= 54 at 8 AM; 60 at 3 PM L90 6 9 12 -~I FIGURE D-3 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 125 CLAREMONT BACK YARD ON FRIDAY, 18 APRIL 2008 8002 ~ladb 6l `JlbdanlbS NO QabJ~ ~I~bB 1NOW3ab~~ 5Z L lb a3anSb~W ~3N~ dNb S~3n~~ ~SION ~b~IlSIlb1S Jl~anOH ~-a ~an~i~ Wd Z l~ 09 ~Wb L L ~~ 65 =bad aH yid E9 = ~3N~ E9 = uP~ Zl F OZ OE 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 061 05~ ~L __ _.___.__ ___.~~ bad Old ,~_, ~.~. 8002 ~Inf 9I - ,ipn~s asioN ~~~aQ pr~nainog sa1~1~ aa~s1S 0£-g '~NI'S31b1~OSSd'S ~RIHI'NOS11M add 6l `~~S - --------------~-{ 6 9 E uoou g g E WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 Q m -~ 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 80 70 20 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 IE Sun, 20 Apr - -- ~ L1 Ldn = 56 L10 ~--~ Leq CNEL = 57 ~~ -- ~ L50 Pk Hr Leq= 54 at 11 AM; 57 at 4 PM L90 B-31 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 ~_.~ ~- ~`. ~:_ .. ~ ~~ -- ~ -- 12 FIGURE D-5 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 125 CLAREMONT BACK YARD ON SUNDAY, 20 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Idb lZ `1~b4NOW NO dbbJl ~i~b8 1NOW~~Ib~~ 5Z l lb 43bf1Sb3W ~~N~ aNb S~~n3l ~SION lb~IlSIlb1S JI~~If1OH 9-a ~~If1Jld Wd5l~L5~W'd 11~~99=ba~aH~1d L5 = ~~N~ LS=uP~ ZL r 8002 ~Inl 9i - ~pn~S asto~ ~~~.zQ pa~nainog sat~i~ .za~sTS Z£_g 061 05~ ~~ _- _--_ _ -- ---,; bad Old l~ ~ ~_ _ _s__a~__~ OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 '~NI'S31bI~OSSti'8 ~RIHI ~NOS11M ---__ -__ _ - Tidy lZ `uoW -~-I 6 9 E uoou 6 g E WILSON, IHwG & ASSOCIATES, INC. B-33 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 80 70 m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 ,:~; ___~ ,y ,,.., _. t_ ..~ ~s ~,~, .~_~ ., __. Y J 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 12 Tue, 22 Apr -- - ~ L1 Ldn = 60 L10 O--o Leq CNEL = 60 ;~ - - - - ~: L50 Pk Hr Leq= 56 at 8 AM; 61 at 11 PM L90 FIGURE D-7 HOURLY STATI~-TICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT 125 CLAREMON~T BACK YARD ON TUESDAY, 22 APRIL 2008 8002 ~I~Idb EZ `AbaS~Na~M NO aabA ~I~b81NOW~ab~~ 5Z L lb a~~If1Sb3W ~~N~ aNb S~3n3~ 3SION ~b~I1SI1b1S JI~~If1OH 8-a 3bflJid 061 Wd £ ~~ L5 ~W'd Zl ~~ 99 =bad aH ~1d 051 ~~___~ ----- -s:, 85 = ~~N~ bad Old 88 = uP1 l~ ~--- _ _~_ -~ OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 I a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inr 9i - ~pn~s asroN ~~~.zQ pa~nainog sai~1~ .~a~siS ~£_g '~NI'S31M~OSS't~'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM ~ - - - ady £Z `paM - ~~ Z~ 6 g £ uoou 6 9 E WILSON, IHRIG &ASSOCIATES, INC. 90 ~ B-35 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 80 70 Q m 60 w w J ~ 50 /~//~ VJ 40 ,., Y~ ., ',~. { \x .if h. __---.e,~. L.~ L Y.,. ... K... 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 12 -- - Wed, 16 Apr -~ __ _ _ L1 Ldn=64 L10 ~--~ Leq CNEL = 64 °, - -- -- ~ L50 Pk Hr Leq= 63 at 10 AM; 64 at 3 PM L90 FIGURE E-1 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 134 BELMONT AVENUE ON WEDNESDAY, 16 APRIL 2008 8002 ~Ibd`d L L `JldaS~If1Hl NO ~f1N3nd 1NOW-138 DEL Ol1X3N 3f1N3nt/ HdlOaNtJb lb a3~If1Sb~W ~3N~ aN`d Sl~n~~ 3SION ~b~IlSllb'1S Jll~l(lOH Z-~~ ~bflJld Wd 8 la L9 ~V'Vb' L la Z9 =bad aH ~Id 99 =~~N~ ~9 = u P1 061 09~ ~z_ _ _._._-_______;;- bad Old l1 ~~ ----~-~:v OZ 0£ Ot~ O 05 z 0 r m m r 09 a D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9t - ~pn~S asTO~ ~~~~Q pa~nalnog saT~i~ .~a~stS 9£'S '~NI'S31HI~OSSd'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM adt~ L l `nul Zl 6 9 E uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. B-37 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 m 60 J W W J 0 ~ 50 O 40 80 70 z ,:. ..~~ i '_-'' ~ ~ '2~ }~ ~ - ,.' ~`~ ,, 7 -~ -- --~ .~~ ~ - ,t, ,` f ,?~, a ~,~ ,~ ~l ; - :~ ' - 30 20 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 Fri, 18 Apr L10 Leq CNEL = 68 x - -- - L50 Pk Hr Leq= 64 at 8 AM; 70 at 5 PM L90 12 FIGURE E-3 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 134 BELMONT AVENUE ON FRIDAY, 18 APRIL 2008 8002 lladb 6l `l~baanlb'S NO 3nN~nb 1NOW~138 ~£ L Ol 1X~N 3nN~nd Hd~OdN`da lb d~anSb~W ~~N~ aNb' S~~n3~ ~SION ~b~IlSllt/1S Jl~anOH ~-~ ~an~i~ 061 _ Wd Z l~ 9L °VVb' Z ~~ EL =ba'1 aH ~1d 051 ~~ ~' LL = ~~N~ bad Old LL = uP~ L1 ~ ~-----,gin OZ 0£ 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 D OL 08 06 8002 ~inf 9i - ~ipn~s asioN ~3nzQ p.~nainog sai~t~ .za~siS 8£'S '~NI ~S31dI~OSS`d'8 ~RIHI'NOSIIM ~ - - add 6l `i~S ----- ~.{ Zl 6 9 £ uoou 6 9 E wllsoN, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, Imo. B-39 Sister Ciities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 ~~~ ~~~~~~~ m -~ 60 J W W J 0 ~ 50 O 40 30 20 80 70 3 6 9 noon 3 Sun, 20 Apr 6 9 12 _.__ _ L1 L10 Leq _____ _.___ __ __ . L50 ,~ L90 Ldn = 64 CNEL = 64 Pk Hr Leq= 60 at 11 AM; 64 at 3 PM FIGURE E-5 HOURLY STATISTICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 134 BELMONT AVENUE ON SUNDAY, 20 APRIL 2008 8002 llad`d lZ `JIdaNOW NO 3f1N3nb 1NOW~138 ~£ l Ol 1X~N 3f1N~nd Hd~OaN`db lb a~~If1Sb3W ~~N~ aNd S~~n3~ 3SION ~d~IlSll`d1S A~~I(lOH 9-~ 3bflJld Wd 5 l~ 99 °VV`d 8 l~ Z9 =bad aH ~1d ~9 = ~3N~ ~9 = ups Zl OZ OE 0~ O 05 Z 0 r m m r 09 a W D OL 08 06 061 051 c~ _ _-_-------~ bad OG~ l1 ~.~ 8002 ~inf 9i - ~Pn~S asioN ~~~.zQ p~nainog sar~i~ aa~sis 0~'g 'aNl ~531`dI~OSS~"S'~RIHI ~NOS11M __- ---- - - aidy lZ `uoW - - -_~-I 6 9 E uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. B-41 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -- 16 July 2008 90 80 70 Q m 60 J W W J ~ 50 O 40 30 20 ~ --~ ~T l~ -- ~, - ,~ ~ , - - r ~ ~-, - w ~ ~.„ ~~. ~~? _~ . , _; ~e~_1 ~-° -~ - ~- ~ ` - ~~= - ,-~- - `--r`--z `r.. r~ -~~~. - _--- ' ^~ _, ~. ~,_ ,_, ;;, -~ ~~~: ._ ~~ ~~ _ --= ~ - 3 6 9 noon 3 6 9 12 -- Tue, 22 Apr ~' ~___ _ .. L1 Ldn = 62 L10 Leq CNEL = 63 ~ --- - _~: L50 Pk Hr Leq= 61 at 7 AM; 61 at 1 PM L90 FIGURE E-7 HOURLY STATI~~TICAL NOISE LEVELS AND CNEL MEASURED AT RANDOLPH AVENUE NEXT TO 134 BELMONT AVENUE ON TUESDAY, 2;? APRIL 2008 8002 ~IHdt/ EZ `JIdOS~N43M NO 3f1N~nd 1NOWl~B ~E L Ol 1X3N 3f1N3Ad Hd~OaNba ld 43~If1Sb3W ~~N~ dN`d S~3n3~ 3SION ~b~IlSI1b1S Jl~~1f1OH 8-3 3~If1Jl~ Wd5i~Z9~W`dOlia£9=balaH~ld £9 = l~N~ E9 = uPl OZ 0£ 0~ 05 09 OL 08 O c z 0 r m m r Q D 06 8002 ~inf 9 i - ~Pn~S as1oN 1~~aQ p.~nnainog sai~1~ .~a~siS Z'b-g '~NI ~S31b1~OSSb' ~ ~I21HI'NOS11M 061 05l «- s,, bal Oll Zl 6 9 E uoou 6 9 £ WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. C-1 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study --16 July 2008 Appendix C Glossary of Acoustical Terms A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA): The sound pressure level in decibels as measured on a sound level meter using the internationally standardized .A-weighting filter or as computed from sound spectral data to which A-weighting adjustments have been made. A-weighting de-emphasizes the low and very high frequency components of the sound in a manner similar to the response of the average human ear. A-weighted sound levels correlate well with subjective reactions of people to noise and are universally used for community noise evaluations. Airborne Sound: Sound that travels through the air, as opposed to structure-borne sound. Ambient Noise: The prevailing general noise existing at a location or in a space, which usually consists of a composite of sounds from many sources near and far. Background Noise: The general composite non-recognizable noise from all distant sources, not including nearby sources or the source of interest. Generally background noise consists of a large number of distant noise sources and can be characterized by ~o or Ly9. Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL): The Leq of the A-weighted noise level over a 24-hour period with a 5 dB penalty applied to noise levels between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. and a 10 dB penalty applied to noise levels between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. Day-Night Sound Level (Lan): The Leq of the A-weighted noise level over a 24-hour period with a 10 dB penalty applied to noise levels between 10 p.m.. and 7 a.m. Decibel (dB): The decibel is a measure on a logarithmic scale of the magnitude of a particular quantity (such as sound pressure, sound power, and sound intensity) with respect to a standardized quantity. •~igss~d aunid~l~ ao ~1[an.~~ sn gans s~uana a~a.~asip .co spunos ~uatsu~.z~ ~ut~n.z .~o~ ao~uaipui in~asn ~.~an n sr ~i •asiou auk ~o uoi~n.cnp aq~ .zoo ~unoaan o~ uopaa.z~o:~ n ci~rm asiou ~o lanai a~n.cann acid ~o pasoduzoa aia~ay~i ('IBS) Lana-I a~nsodx~ punos •spurq an~~ao £/i aa.cu~ o~ui papinrp si ann~ao liana araum `spu~q an~~ao £/i ~o suz~a~ lit paz~inun ua~~o si uoi~~.~gTn .~o punos n ~o ~ua~uoa ~Cauanbac~ aua~ `uol~niosaz asnaaaul o~ `sat~snoan ui •salauanba.~~ .za~uaa ~tau~ ~iq pat~laads azn ~a~ pun `sai~snoan lit pasn sr san~~ao ~o sauas pznpun~s ~ •apim an~~ao auo si ~nq~ a~un.z ~auanba.z~ ~ si punq ann~ao u~ 'zH 000 o~ zH CIOOZ ~o a~un.c ~iauanbaz~ auk st sn `ann~ao auc- si zH 00~ o~ zH OOZ 3o a~una ~auanba.z~ auk `aidu~~xa .zo,d •om~ ~o oi~n.~ n an~u ~~u1 satauanba.~~ punos om~ uaam~aci inn.za~ui un si ann~ao aup :pueg an~a0 £/i - pueg a~elap 1ana7 ~ua1z~nrnb~ ~'~.~au~ aas - bad lana7 punos ~~8z~-~Cni7 aas - ~pZ moiaq `s•.~o~dz.[asaQ uol~nglc.~s2Q 1bausi~tits aas - a;a `06'I `os'I `oi'I `i'I •xnac[ aq~ moiaq gp p£ si lanai au1 uaum auzt~ auk o~ spuoaasiiii~ OOS u~q~ a.~ouc you ~o uoT~nmp auk pun spuoaasriii~ S£ unq~ a.~ouz you aq o~ sastou asinduzi ~o auz1~ as« auk sauT~ap (isl~iV) a~n~~~~sui sp.~pun~s I~uoi~~N u~ai~auz~ au,L •uoi~n.znp ~araq ~o pun auzr~ ast.z ~sn~ .tan ~ ci~tm pU:nos asioi~i asinduil •sannm ara.snia ~o ucco~ aq~ ui itos auk u~no~q~ siann.c~ `~mm~ aaun~sip autos aa~nos n ~q paanpo.~d ~uraq aa~~~ `uaium uot~ncgin ~o ~insa.z n sn ~utpimq n aprsui s~uiiraa pun s.~ooi~ `siinm ~fq pun .zip uado lit punoa~ aq~ ~q pa~ntpn.~ ~ii~uzaou sr ~i •sa.~n~anc~s ~uipimq pug ilos y~noni~ pa~~~~doad asioN :asiou aua~ogpunoa~ •puoaas .gad saia~ia sn auzns auk sr z~aaH lit ~auanbac~ •(zH pa~~tna.~gq~) z~.zaH ui passa~dxa (uoi~u.rgin .zo) as1oU: alporaad ~ ~o puoaas .gad suoi~niiiaso ~o aaqucnu auZ (zg) ~fauanbaa3 •uoi~n.z~a~ui inal~nuzaq~nizz .zo uoi~nuzuzns ~urnionuT a~npaao.zd n ~iq pa~nduzoa aq ~snuz ~nq `~sa~a~ur ~o potaad acid nano sianai a.~nssa.zd punos a~n.rann auk sn auzns aril you si a~n.cann ~i~.caua stu1, •auzi~ .nano lanai asiou ~o a~~aanu ar~auzu~t.zn ~u~in.~~s n .~o os-i saop unu~ spoi.~ad lanai asiou u~iq uo sisnuduza aaouz saanid ~r puu uot~uuzuzns ~~.zaua .zo atuzu~i.zn~oi acid uo pas~q si ~~ •asiou inauauzuo~inva ~o ~o~di.zasap .zagrunu-ai~urs n s~ pasn ~iapim sr ba-i •~saaa~ur ~o poi.~ad au~i~ aq~ .zano pa~nar~a~ur lanai asiou ~ur~un~ani~ ati~ sn ~~.raua aLUns aq~ an~u pinom uarum asiou ~pna~s n ~o lanai aciZ :(ba'I) IanaZ Iuaj~nmb~ ~f~~au~ 8002 ~inl 9I - ~pn~S asro~ ~~n.zQ p.renainog sai~i~ .~a~sis Z-~ •~NI ~S31HI~OSS~' ~ ~RIHI ~NOSIIM WILSON, IHRIG & ASSOCIATES, INC. C-3 Sister Cities Boulevard Draft Noise Study -~ 16 July 2008 Sound Pressure Level (SPL): The sound pressure level of sound in decibels is 20 times the logarithm to the base of 10 of the ratio of the RMS value of the sound pressure to the RMS value of a reference sound pressure. The standard reference sound pressure is 20 micro-pascals as indicated in ANSI S 1.8-1969, "Preferred Reference Quantities for Acoustical Levels". Statistical Distribution Descriptors (Lr, Lra, Lso, Lam, etc): Also called Exceedance Levels, they represent the level of the noise (A--weighted for environmental studies) which is exceeded a percentage of the duration of the measurement period, as denoted by the subscript. So, for instance, Lio is the level of the noise exceeded for 10% of the measurement period (usually 1 hour in long-term environmental studies) L99 and ~o are descriptors of the typical minimum or "residual" background noise (or vibration) levels observed during a measurement period, normally made up of the summation of a large number of sound sources distant from the measurement position and not usually recognizable as individual noise sources. Generally, the prevalent source of this residual noise is distant street traffic. L.yo and ~9 are barely influenced by occasional local motor vehicle passbys. However, they can be influenced by stationary sources such as air conditioning equipment. LSO represents along-term statistical median noise level over the measureme-nt period and does reveal the long-term influence of local traffic. Leo describes typical levels or average for the maximum noise levels occurring, for example, during nearby passbys of trains, trucks, buses and automobiles, when there is relatively steady traffic. Thus, while Leo does not necessarily describe the typical maximum noise levels observed at a point, it is strongly influenced by the momentary maximum noise level occurring during vehicle passbys at most locations. L~, the noise level exceeded for 1% of the time is representative of the occasional, isolated maximum or peak level which occurs in an area. L1 is usually strongly influenced by the maximum short-duration noise level events which occur during the measurement time period and are often determined by aircraft or large vehicle passbys. DATE: July 16, 2008 TO: Honorable Mayor acid City Council FROM: Sharon Ranals, Director of Parks and Recreation SUBJECT: Parks and Recreation Donation Program RECOMMENDATION: To review and provide input on a private sponsorship and donation program for r;~ising funds toward maintenance, trees, plant material, and amenities for the city's parks and medians, and authorize staff to finalize and market the program. BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION: The Parks and Recreation Department maintains approximately 189 acres of parks, and <~ number of medians, islands, and "green spots," including 16 acres that will be added with the completion of Centennial Way. Budget reduction:> over the years have stretched maintenance staff and resources thin. In 2007/08, Callander Associates was retained to work with staff to develop a formalized donation program. Based on successful models in other agencies, and Callander's experience with the City of Modesto in developing a marketing plan for fund development, a draft donation booklet has been developed, as attached. Particularly in light of the recent defeat of Measure O, which would have provided a dedicated source of sales tax funding to address ~aark and recreation needs in San Mateo County, ei:forts have been renewed to develop a donation program. Rather than receiving occasional inguirie:~ from potential donors, the concept is to identify specific items that are consistent with existin€; park amenities and standards, appropriate locations where they are needed and can be installed, and list the cost to the donor of donating such an item. The listed cost includes the purchase price of the item, plus 20% to cover donor recognition and ongoing maintenance, but not full replacement, of the item. Existing donation programs, including the Memorial and Centennial Tree programs, and Memorial Brick program, have been incorporated into the booklet. Items range from the: modest, such as a brick for $100, to the large, such as a play structure or sculpture. In addition to soliciting donations for scpecific items, opportunities for volunteers, business Staff Report Subject: Parks and Recreation Donation Program July 16, 2008 Page 2 sponsorship of ongoing maintenance, acid public-private partnerships are included. For example, the Federal Shredding Company has proposed a partnership with the city in which they would donate one tree for every $1,000 of business generated by clients in South San Francisco, as described on Page 23 of the booklet. B:y selecting one area to concentrate on,`such as the ,Tunipero Serra median, a significant and highly visible contribution could be made by the company, ongoing maintenance can be addressed by the city through an approved capital improvement project, and the city's improvement dollars can be stretched. Other examples ofprivate-public partnerships could certainly be explored. Additional private funding strategies, such as endowments and corporate naming rights, could certainly be developed. Beyond the potential dollar value of donations that might be received through the program, the booklet describes the city's parks and amenities, and creates a positive image that can be useful in promoting the Department and marketing its programs. FUNDING: Approximately $6,500 in contractual fetes has been invested in the development of the donation program to date. Over the next several years, if the program is aggressively marketed, it is anticipated that the investment will be recouped. Large donations that have been received by the Parks and Recreation Department in this past, such as the Betty Weber donation of $100,000, and the Belloni donation of $50,000, might also be encouraged. CONCLUSION: The donation program has been reviewed and enthusiastically endorsed by the Parks and Recreation Commission. With the incorporation of their comments in the document, they recommended that it be forwarded to the City Council for approval. Still in the draft stage, comments and suggestions can be incorporated before the donation booklet is printed. r By: ~ er'-, Sharon Ranals Director of Parks and Recreation Approve `- ~^ . Nagel City Manager '~! 7 ~ '~~ ~~ y' ~ ~ ~ ~~~ 4.; `r M~; iup~hn~a unnpiinn t °? ~` ~ , .~~: 3 i iP ,:~li.: ~.''T t'~S ' ;f Y '{ ~. p~::::k a '.r J ~:;::. 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"p ~ J ~ i ~ ~ ~ .L O Y > o~~o~'~°o~~cao m O ~v`°~~v Q ~ aaH°'Ea ~ O N-pC7 ~ ~ u~` ~.L N NY Cl~ , -p ~~'~ ~•ro Q ~ rC~•N~N d Q N ° o s ~ Cl ~ o a~ ro ~' > Y C: ~ ~ ° oA > Rf ~ L ~ ,., U ~ W~ ~~ E~ O O~~ ~ ~ O d ~ i L .N ~" O ~ ~ N U~ O N H O E ~~~~ou•°~~~~~~ z 3 ~3°=~ z o ~o~~~N J Ilf O Q O~ w O~ "a O~ N~ ~ ~ O > V~ L O" ~ O > w V >+ fC L .i Q ~• vQi ° m H o u H ra u a° ca a Q D Q v~ ra u ra Q a a o ra u a H o CT O L a C O rp O O U ~_ U C C 0 SNOIldRl~S34 ~12ldd fC$ lIf O .~ N Y ,N ~ (Cf ~ L J CV O ~L+ t C~ a0+ O~ ~~ i O V fCf C "0 ~ F- Y V1 a" ~ fL0 fC5 fL6 d f0 a ~ j .~ N ~- LJ C N N -o u O L7 N ;~ ~ a, d i O O •~ ~ fC5 ;~;~ U~ O^ L L L O !CS lU O CV L N H L (V ~ y,d (CS L u ~ fn to .D ~ u Q ~ E N ~ ~ ~ ~ >+ 00 d ~ ~ rtS ~ ~ L N C O ~- O~ lCf O~ ~ L O .~ L U L ~ ~ ~ ~ fCS O y„i O fC ~ L m ~ "O U N O O ~ L fC3 ro +~ L c >. + ~ s ~ ~ o N ~ ° Q L ~ N ~ u ~ a~ ~ Q 03 L~ ° c v ~~. 3~ `~ ~~ E ° c o u C ~ C ~ Q L C +.+ L O '~ flS fr1 ~ ~ ~ u = Y 'a O fC3 ~ ~ O N i G ~ > !0 ,'~ O ~ (U o u, _ ui 'C ,.~ ~ .~+ Q a ~ rts 'ns o N !6 ~ ~ i V fC3 ~ O H~ C j u ~ O 47 d CU ~.+ ~> C fC d u DA fC1 .,~ L O O U ~ u N .~ fC N O O u ~ ~ O .u 4N- ~ ~ to ~ ~ N y_ w ~ ~ d N ~ p ~O ~ Q 0 0 0 0 N Q -o .u E ~°3>.~~N~N~~~ Y ~ Y~N°o ~ No° s ~;, .~ a Oo ~ c m ~' ` a, on .mac ~ ~ ~ u ~ a ~ ~ ~°n u ~° ~ ~ ~ rLc Y ~° ra a t o ~^ ~+ c w ~ a~ a s C7 Q C O O ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_ ~-' O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u = E O ~ ~ cd ~ wn O d tp •N pn ~ ~ ~ CU U ~ IO N L d i N O ~ ~ ~ C O .~ O ~ a~ lU ~ Z 7 L > .~ lU Y CU H O_ >+ O n 0 f6 O W O >' > Y ~ oC L (~ O a~ O_ N s Rs u z ~, >~~ CM ~ O ~ O L N d d N V ~ O w U ~ ~ N L +-' ~ t00 vii ~ H L O •°^ -~ f>6 ~' ~ ~ °' O ~ ~ !~ C ~ w 0 0 0 O O O L~~ ..- O ~ O C N D O Q L O +.+ U V O f6 L1 Q O J ~ ~ ~..+ 4.. d ~.+ CM to cC "O ~ LL N W .~ 0..~ C7 ~ H V N ~ ~ L 'p •~ _ "O L ~ ~ ~O 00 C ~ N r- dJ ~ CU ~ ~ ~6 u "0 N +.+ .a ~ O ~ ~ = O QJ Y C ° C ~ ~ 'Q •L L ~ ~ L ~ ~ CU L~ ~ ~L u l6 O ~ V +.+ "p N (6 >` •f6 O O f6 L d Q N u ~ O ~^ fC3 CU L ~ > ~' ~ f0 O C N ~ O ~ ~ CU ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~" ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~_ ~ ~ ~~ ~ C C .O C ~' ~ ~ C C d~ '~ w O U of (Cf Q1 L ° ° CT ~ ° ~L ° y~j ° l~ ~ 7 L 0~ > O J~ O "0 ~ N L O <U ~"- C O OfI CU Q L ~ a-+ C _ 7 a-+ ~ N rt3 i ~ y -C ~ ~S ~ CU O u L O ~ ~ ~O +~ N OL ~+ F- O u 4l r6 ~ CU N RS L L O E' r >~+ CU "O L i- i 'fC1 L C ~ f0 d L~ N~ O fCS u = ~ fCS L ~ N CU ~ ~ 3 ~+ 4. L Q 4J Q L O L ~ N ~ ~ ~' -~ O ~ ~ O CU ~ 4J o~0 ~ OU Q oOJ~ "O t0 .a s~ N ~ ~ ~ 1 V N~ N O 7~ N o Y a ~ di ~ voi ~ .~, N c O ~ iC a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~_ (U 0 ~ '~-' OO C Q ~ O N O w •~ L .NY ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ •C ~ O •3 O N 0 +r u w fCf ~ ~ •N QJ CCS ~ N ~ U L ~+ ~ t ,+~ to O C7 ~ ~ ~ N O ~ a-+ ,F U Q ~+ O = ~ L .~ at,, H In O ~ ~ O +~ Q ~ W ~ ~ ~, +~ E C O Q U ~ C y~ ~ lCf ~+ O y 'C 1 ~ L O +•' C ~~ }+ ~~~ a~ ~ ~ f°- N~ a°i ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ a C'7 t u a~ ~ ° ;yo o~ • -v F- _ u a~ o ~vi3>. J ~ =~c>Q.r n: ~ .Y°L~ O o ~s~o~.'~a~a~o ~ O N ~ ~ ~ N ~ >~ y O_ ~ } ~+ >` ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ CU O ~ O VOi ~ ~ s=ue>o -' ~~~},o ~ ~ ~>°o O d ~-aoor~yL~ a~ as u u ~ ~J a~o~.c u u ua ~~ U 3 a'~ L ,n_~aC~+..+ L Q1 O L a Q f0 C O 0 O U ~_ U C (O L II~^ VI 0 SNOIldRl~S34 ~121dd (0 N U (a ~ C L O N~ N N ^~ ~ ~ N L ~~ .~+,, N +.+~ LwL y O O-p ~ OirfL p1 ~ ~ O~ pjINY ~..+ vUi O O ~ Ov-L C =1~ ~ L -O L •O O ~ vi ~ L.L ~ ~f6 U ~ ~ N O ~ +'~ L O O~ u~ i f0 c 0 ~- = N N O fa p Qn ~ O _ ~ ~ N >+ ~ f6 +~ O ~ "O U C. N N +.+ = o n ~ L Op ~ N ~ N U ~ O ~ V ~ ~' ~ ~ Q c ~ +~ L ~ L ~+ o> 0 o L o ~ N O~ -p +, ~ ~ a u 3. a ~ -o >` ~ as •~ o ~ ~ ~ u -v a~ ~ ~ s ~ N O •~ o c ~ o .~° ~ ~ ~ ~ .u ~ .L aoi `~ c c ~ 3 ; v, +~ ~ a~ rLo ~+ O O (6 LL •~ L U •> ~ H y O O ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~• l0 ~ ~ Vl ~ O p ~ ~ C: C 3 ~ ~ pn tL0 G1 ~' }! ~ p0 ' " N~ "d U N Y O~~ p u C N cC i L }' i0 U CL ~ U O n 0 O 0 0 0 0 .^ O OI) N O` L U ~ t ~ rtf ~ "O o ~ ~ ~ a o ~ O ~, ~ Y ^ .. H- o N ~ ~ a o ~ as ~ u Y rc 3~ n~ L aC Y~ ~~~ ~ o cn z a }, U p -o ~ a ~; n .~ a~ ~ H a L rts ~ a = a~ a~ W ~ N ~ ~ on •~ Y n. `~a a 3 3o>cc`a~""' J a~~`o`6°ocn~~ v o a;c'o~ N rC ~~ Y C: w O`er Na ~ ~O ~ ~•i >'`N ~N+-+L ~ H V'~iV L ~ f0 U t0 O ~ +~ +:+ CYJ L OL = U = y m '0 N L ~ +-' W N N i Cl OA O o f J .d O N O u~~ +~-+ Z Q = p ~ N~ L H O v ~ _, c L lNC N W CL O p N ~ UJ L ~ ~ 1~ UJ) C ~ -' L `F- N ~' N U V N S. ~ fa ~~ H Q O 3~ o v~ u ~ v- N in ~..+ L e o -0 3 v~ Q Q in n_ rC n u u 1 C N ~~ +~ ~~ L a L •O O N .v ~ N ~ N p V U N N =p N~ ~+ Y L ~ 1 O N •~ a..+ 'O N .p L fC 0 3 r..+ ~'' N L f0 N 3 0 T C N OI) N ~.+ N~~ L r..+ n ~ O d 7 0 RS ~ 'p N O~ O fC N o L L N~ O O~ L N N ~+ +.+ (0 N L ~ C N Q > > GII L ,1 ~ f0 -O N i a~•+ ~ O N ~ .N (O ~ O > d O N o u ~ ~ a ~ o o~ o =•~~ °o ~ o ~~ ~ ^~ ~ u'o 1A p +~_ L• n p N V Y +L.+ .~ L U n C~ O Cl p ~ '~ "D ~ rtf O -p l> ~ N U ~ d C L L O vi O O "' N N~~ 'O Y ~ ~ ~+ > N ~` O N cT O n rC CL ~ ~ ~ >. O N v~ ~ r6 N O a Q ~^ ~ ~ ~ V ~ ~ ~ ~,p U ~ "o ~ ~ ~ on ~ ~ ~ i i "0 rC OfI N N ~ L d m ~ '3 mo o. o ~ o a~ c ^ ~a ii a ai N ~ Y H ~ >. a~ >, ~ ~ 3 L o ~ u °- Lon ~ >• L ~ O ~ L >, rt ~ r.., p ~ ,., ,0, •p ~ is 'a wn p j O vi u +~ 7 +p.+ O~ O i L N U O L tp ~ !0 Q O a r. N L l0 (C L ~ "v ~ ~ to N L L ~ ~ N Q N ~.' C: c~ N~-~v '~ ~ ~+'3o-coNoon°u~~o-~a~u~ a~ Sao ~j p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V L ~ w L ~. (J yd a ~ Y~'ca~> ~ c~ „aooL~c ~u~c=;Ga~+~ >- -o moo ~ c u ~ W o m a~ Nis ~ L ~ ... ~ ~ u =v -a is ~ ~' c 4i C: W on +~ C7 > ~ `" o one ~ ~ as'o ~'~ E oL c~oa.~ °'~ oL ~ '~ o ~ a~i ~ ~ L=}' ~ ~ W ~ ~, a~iws auan3 ~-° ~~ o~ c ~' 3 ~ w m `~ ~^ Q b ~ °,a.a~ C'7 ~ ~~ ~ cv~i.o ~~ o 0 o N ~ ~Q. v~ ~ ~ cQ ~" ~ ~ C ~, ~ Z bA ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ rts ~ ~ ~ C > C1 ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ O C ~ V ~ p ~ ~ ~ p O V 'p ~ Rf ~ }+ d rN0 r0 <S ~ .~.~ -p N U N ~ -o L ~ 3 ~, v rts +-' ~ ~ • N +~ u c u a~ rts u~ o o a~ °- ~_ X .n Q~ tC N C: Off a.+ O L L `~- L C 3 C~ O N O L N L L L L <( N L~ ~-, W ~ (6 s t!1 ~ O O I- O O +.+ .~ N •~ CL N a.~ i RS ~- N ~ ~ ~6 Dv 2 Z U ~-+ SNOIldRf~S34 ~21dd ,~. s~; ~:.. :~~„~ _, ..~~ d +-' C O L ~, ~ Y N ~ O OV L bA pl ~ O ~ O a.`~ 3 ~~ ~a~ ~ o u ~ .~ L o~n ~ ~ ~, ~a ~ ~ l6 L •~ O N LO ~ ~ ~ ~ C 3 °c .u c = }' ° O O Vf~ C~ C C~ •N, Q ~ O O O O N ~ Q ~ ^ i ~ Ov 00 ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C 3 ~ O i6 rLC Vf 1 C i-i ~ ~ ~ .~ U i ~ L7 00 ~ N ~ ~ •U ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ u n3 ° ~ L a a ~ a~ u. ~ o ,~ a ~ o C7 a ~ ~ d ~ n3 as o ~ • ~ ~ 3 ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' z ~ ca v ~ Y a ~ -d 'ra o ~ . ~ t Li ~ ~ as Q u -o ~ a u V r~ N ~ ~, V ~ c>a ~ ~ ~ ~ ° ° Y Off C .~ Z a On an ~, a N ono >, o ~ '~ L L o- O -v L ~ N ~ ~ W o ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ `~ v ~ 7 N n3 Q N O On ~ i N W ~~ V • ., U "~ i vu, cc°-~ 3 uTOn W o u~.° ~ ~ ua°°~' a ° ~ a~ ° 3 •~ +' Y ~ °~ •~ Z H c a- H z N c N Y N ~ ~~. ~ 't3 ~ ~ ~ ~, W H Y O Q W ~ ~ ~_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a. O ~ ~ ~ U 1 3 N ~ W R ~ N ~+ W ~ ~ t7 rtf W ~ ~ ~ +' Y N l~ cd V ~~ a a z ~ o u N z o o~ •u z ~ o~ N ~ ,~ ~~ o N~ H O N ip O in ~ N E O~~ N ~ 0 0~ O O ~ ^a "'G N ~ ,~ = H z > a~ s ° z 3 a~ 3 ~ z c a~ ~ a~ ~ E w • ~ ~ a~ o ° c ~ N c N ° ° c ~ .~ ~o ° .~ ~ ~ c~° ro 3 0 o r'~ 3 z oz ns 3 0 0~~ N N~ t-, U N N V ~' ~ N u L ~ O (Q C~ O f0 U Vj N 00 f6 U C ~ .a a~ TS ~ .N ~ .a ° ~ a ~a ~ •0 0 L O i L.L N O ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ '0 ~ "O N ~~ aV ~ s., ~ ~.u c E o c c c ~-o ° +~ ~ u c n3 o u rc nz o ° °x'300 ~ ~ °.~'~o.u -au~,-v~ t~~~o +~ a~ •C ~ R5 N "~ ..`~+ d ~ C ~ y fC a~.+ OL O O L ~+ L A E O N N [•--~ ~ V O u vOi C p L p~= Q f0 O L ~. to ~ f0 .~ ~ V1 ~ ~ • ~ O O LL u ~ ° ~ ~ -p ~ J N O j •O N ~ 'L~ ~Q ~ ~' •~ O i V ~ N O~ C O L >~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~O ~sL~~c3> ~,Lo z o ~ ~LOnc° ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~•> ~ a~i u ° ,L ~ ~ ,o a~ ra ~ c p •u ~ ~ o ~ ~ o ~ Y c ~ ~ °c on o a ° u Y on `n ii c I- R ~ L C J O J O ~ O Cd ~ eC ~~ C O a..+ L ~~ (0 O O ~ O~ V ~ ~~ L~~ J m ~~ O m O~ W~ ~ O U O a C ~, s~ N W N N O O O. N a N C~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ O a c0 N L O N i O ~ +O+ aJ c ~~ on~ a ~ '~ ~ ;x °~ o H~ nz o ~ c 3ia~ ° a ~ ~~ nz W r L p N vOi C W ~ ~" ",_,C ~ W N L L N O (V6 ~ O~. V ~ Z ~ ~~ L F ~~ u L °~ E- ~- H o w 3 3 F-~~ a w.,~LL na 3 c~ Q u 3 SNOlldl~l~S~~O ~i~idd C ~ ~ N O . ~ f0 to +-, O ' o~oE ~nv'>o ~ a " O '~, O -v a -v ~ N~ u L. L ~ L ' C L f~ ~+ f6 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U C~ a~ ~+ ~ p u z3 ' O O O 00 can 3u a, a, L• . O ~ o O N i~ O }' }' ~ -°~ ~ ~ - Q O~ O a, o a ci ~ E r- cv ~n ~ ~ ~ ': N ~ ~ Q ~/? ~/} V? O S ~~ •~ L _ O L C {~ O O C O i O ~ ~ O O n3 L •~ "a aJ ~ ~ O C~ _ ~n O U L c6 +-+ ~~ ~ '~ Cl ~ C ~ O L ~ .C 5 ~ ~ O >. O of O O ~ U ~ L u O ~ ~ A O ~ {J L L_ (~ ~ C~ O CU (0 d 3 ~ L L L L _ ~ ~ {J ~ iJ ~ ~ O O u~ ~~.~ • ~ X00 a ~ L C~ •~ {J ~ O ~_ ~ J ~ ~ ~ iu °' ~ 3 ~ c 0 •~ ~ c a~ ~ ~ s= ~ ,u -p a~ E O N C .~ u ~ ~sL o ~~ O a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Y {J L_ Q U N n ~ ~ ~ L C U C J L s_ - (~ f6 ~ c 4j O ~ N CU CC 0 U l~ . ~' ~ +r Cl ~ G CT WD2~J021d N011`dN04ldINN31N3~ ra L ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ ~ L ~- ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - + '~ ' U O ~ L N N N "d +~ ca a O C S C r~ 0 c+'6 U~ O~ 0 O v- (0 f0 p ~ ~ O -p ~ ~ Q~-+ ~. ~ U ~ *' ~ N d N r~ O L ~ 'V C O O N % O U O N ~ N L ~ ~~ > ~L.O O~O'V ' ~ t (n L ~ L f~ ~' LL N ~ p O N ~ ~ O ~ CC C [ ~ ~ U C~ cC ~ U p O C N N tC E cad O p 011 E p C 1 0 N _. O O L~ v1 ~ 'C :~ ~a ~~op~ in a,~,o L ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ O E c ~ 0 0 v ~ (a ~ C N O N C~ + ~ ~ 0 X ca`~~~3~ oa ~ o~~ ~ ~ ~ l> L fC ~ •~ '~j ~' ~ ~C - v N '(~ ~ d O ~ L f0 ,4.r ~ ~ ~ ~1 O LL i a C N QJ Fp N N ~ ~ n U O ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ' +~.+ . N Vl N O ~ N c c C +.+ O ~ A ~ ,~ v ~ O O ~ ~ ~ c E ~ ~ ~ 'u t0 ~, C ~ ~ ° 00 . ~ o . 0 3 L ~.-+ o v o ~ ~ .n ~ ° E Q +:, _ ~O ~~ ~ NL ~~t~ _ c~ O O 3 ~ +~.+ 011 ~ ~ +=+ ~ +' +.+ ~ C 0 0 ~'' C L .O U ~ L O p L~~ C O O ~ Q ' ~ a"' >+ ~ N O ~ N L L ~ fC U O O Q I"' > O (~ Wd21J021d NOIldN04lV'INN31N3~ ~ {. ,'S ~_~~ ~ ` ,€~' r~ r ~ ` ~ E ,~ w ~ ~~' ~ yA/!~~tyH r~ ~~' O ~s~,;: ~ ^~,~ 0 r~~` O ,~ r V ;;+,t, ~ ,U ~: C (~ j L ~ A f ~ ~y ~ a _ ii,~:.'~ ~ r ~, O ~ ~ o g ~; ~ ° ° c~ ~ ° ono °-° ~ ~ vT +h yr oa .Y L ~ Y ~ ~ tC ~.. ~, a ~ ns O ~ fG J+ .~ L ~ '[ ~ f[S L tCl t. Y L .- -~ Q ~ ~ IFS `~ ~ ~ p ~ a ~ Q d. Q i' Q .]L ~, v~ R7 ~C u ~ a,+ ~ L. o -'a~a~~,~'C'~~ Ev,,, a~~E Ica. ~ ll7 ~ /~ cn ~ ~ ~ C N O ~ of ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~n i~~a.ummva oauu~, u~an,<tr~~n ~ ~ a s u~ ° E~ _°, ,°u woo 'c _..; w ~ ~, L ~- to ~ ..C a.' r`a V -vp ~ ~ N C7 c~ on N N a~-+ L C Dfl Q~ Q ~ ~ N ~ L ~ O ~ tj ~ O ~ •~ ~ o E ~ ~ ,~,J (~ ~ O ~ ~ y Ou .aC oO ~ u a ~ ,~, .n ~ ~ 'L7 4J ~ O ~ ~} •.-, d ~ ~.? E,~ UV Q ~4 N ~ Y u ~ ~ ~ .0 ~ O ~ L ~ m Y V m N L f(S m uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod E 0 L a c 0 ca c 0 0 U ~_ U C f0 L LL N O ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c E ' } a a o 0 c 0 0 v ,~ c c~ L Y ~ ~ d a + L i ,~.' ~ O . ~ A ~ "L~. ~ d ~ 0~.. ~ ~ ~ O ~ V ~ ~ ~~ '"' ' f p ~ ~ ~ " moo- o° J ' ~ O ~ L F- ~'' ~ O ~ " -'- t ~ -~ J O g aS ~ O E "' J i a ~~ ~ p p QJ M ~ ~ '0 ~ ~ ,~'~, 'v C can cC >+ ~ ~+ ~ ~a.v~m~[ 3 ~m3Q wauo y Q~ H 'c E ~ ~ a a~ c -~ .c c ~ ~ ~, u ~ ~ to ~J ~ ~ Q1 ' M ~ ~ ~ oA i Oft ~ Q ~, [~ ~ .1] l/1 4- R3 L ~ .Y ~ 0 .~ -C C ~ a'd f13 r ~ V ~ a'- `~ crj ' ~C~ ~ p ay N 3~~ ~oz ~ ~ ~°~ _°E 3E-u N Q,n .f~f C~ a"i C O .I--J LL V ~ ~ C ~ ~ O C d ~ :.~~ N .~ a..r UJ1 Y C .L D V C N m ~, uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~~uoa O ~ g o +~ ~ ~ o 0 N ~ 0 f~ C c C ~ Q Q th ~ O a-' f6 C O O U ~_ U C (a L ~G L L, (n N d ~ Y ~ a..i C ~ ~ i-- ~ ,~ ~ ~ O cn ~ .`.C ~ ~ O (n ~ ~ ~-° i L ~ ~ a ~~v L ~ n~~ v u o ~~ N y ~ a°~'c n. ~ a ~~ J E °~ ~~ ~~~.So~'nv , ~ ~uE=a ~~ ~ 0 a 3 ~~ ~ ~ 'Eo.. E~.o ~ °' ~' ~~~ _ ~~ ~ N ~ fC5 ~ fC Q} dl V 4- V t/'f O ~ V t/t iJ (0 f[3 fL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ E ~ v D ~ va ~ ~ OE ° ~,~. v ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ a v c.7c*, v on c~ E U ~ ~ "~ O ~ i ~ d m L u c N m "4'~ e`~ +,1 i ~i. t SI i /~{~, r~ x . '~ , m ~ t~~t ~~~~,~-~ uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod O ~ O r'~ ~ ~ +/~ oQ L Q RS N -~ A- ~ O o- a~ V ~ v a ~ t7 O . ~ 'C a. ° o J ~ V ~ _'~~~,o i m 3V n 1n N .~ Q ~ ~ ' lJ 1 ~ `J N~ ~ ~ ~ L~ f(~ "'y O Oft QJ UA ~ ~ O ~ ~ j, a.1 or1 ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ;~ ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~•~ v O `~- r0 u K°-' d ' ~ ~ a Uo ~ 3 v un c~ ~ ~ V ~ U ~ ~ O u a a °o 0 {!T b Q ~ a L Q xL. ~ Ol ~ +, ~a a`~. ~ 3 L7 ~ I~ •~ ~ ° c m u ~ ~ J 2 '~ ~~ ~ a oO~n~ VQV N ^ ~ Q 41 l[7 N r ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ _ L ~ 0 o a C C ~ +.+ Q1 ~ ~ ~ ~ +.+ .C N " ~i n ' . ~ rtt u vv.. 3 'a co N V .~ U a `.. {J} Q JQ `1 ~ L L a N ~ c 'L .~ v ~ ~a ~ 3 t7 ~~a. o o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~•~~~ 3m~~ E~ u~, N '[ p ~ } L Q~ ~ ~ , T = TQ] In ~ Q1 _. Qj ~ ~ ~ ~ L +-' ~ ~ o m . u ~ CL O N U .~ u a uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod ca L p1 0 L 0 0 0 0 U ~_ U C (0 L LL 0 O +~ C O ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ .° ~ o ~ ~o r= v~ N O f~ U O J v in C 0 ++ u ~ ~ ~ O ~ a ~ a On O 0 .n Eis N O •C w tii ~ ,-.;. ~ ~0 ~ ~ +~ n rts -p t- L Q. a G ~, C L L a~ Q I „~ ,Cd i4 - C7 ttiC ~ ~ ~ a a~~,~ C7 o~ UN Vmtn E a .~ O ~ ~ ~ N .~ V .E c E _ v •~ ~ ~ o.. +~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~~ V ,~ N ro ~ ~ ~ E~~a ~ ~ ~ o °~~ ~ E u in ¢i ~, .n a~ ~ ~~ ~~'E ~v ~ ~ v c °~.o ~ . _. a~ on c~ C ~ ~ '~ V ~ U_ O ~ L l> ~ d N U .~ u d E ca rn O ~y a c O ra c 0 D O U ~U C fa L LL .x ~ ~ ~ ~ .Y ~ ~ Q. L N ~' 6 ~ ~ `~ '{-~ ~ ( a O ~ t L t1 O n a~.+~.. ~ ~ ~ ~ rSS c ~ ~ a ~~ ~ a ~•E a~ c n D Q~o~ ~'=v Q) C ~a ~ ~„ c - - ~ ~ N -- c ...• Rs ~ ~ a, rc ~~ari~m` te°+ c~u a~ ~; = c .« ~. ~ V1 ~ D p s.. ~' `~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ o ~, Y_ ~ ~ ~ a c 0 N ~-~+ N +~ a uae.~~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod a 0 O O O ~ , .. a/~ +.« v ~1 .Y ~ V .. t~ O ~ 'C N G. ` O O v ~ ~ ~ Y ~a a ~ N J '~. d C ~ ~ O ~ vii C ~ ~ rt ~~. -~ C ttS ~ vac ~n3 0 F°-' _.. ~' ~ ~i r-- L ~ ~ O11 y.i ~ m 3 N a~ Y~~ ~ ~ ~~~Q~ Q1 -O ~ T V >p ~ L O > ~ ~ ~ ,,1 O A ~ ~ ~ ,., cL o a ~ C L cts L1 O +'' O a~ ~~ ~ Q U ~ ftS O ~ O a--+ ~ ~ o o ~ a--+ 0 O ~ O C C an N c O f~ U J O V ~ ~ ~ O {~ . t`''cx N ~ a ov~3aa~~ ~ C N ~'`C~~~'4 b Rs ~ p i ct7 > V~n.hVmt~Qm ~: C 0 .c~ r~i .~- J N O ~ ~ ~ '~ N _ =v ~e~ p V fCS Y L fQ its ~ ti,, ~ Q d Q/ d. c0 t0 O ~ ~ a T ~ O ~ J Z7 . N ~ a 0 C • g ~ K3 a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ro ~ ~° Y opn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ( ~ ~ _ Cf U~aL7mNQ ~ ~ivpi L 0 ~ Y ~+ ~ +~ O u ~ v N = N r ~ ~ ~~ ~ ° ~ ~~ `+- ~ E . ~ ~ ~ ~ cus •~- .Npv ~ a'.r d N i ~ ~-+ Q ~ ~ Q W U ~ N ~ +~ L 0 ~ 0- J c t~ t%'f L a N Q~ L u L N A f~ a uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod E pl O L a C O cv C O O U ~_ ~U C f0 L LL f~ 0 o ~ S ° :~ o g O Q ~ r- Q T ~~ N c O c~ u J ~_ l/1 O U ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ U O T" i ~ ~ 4 a a °~' ~ a a v~, ~~U o Y O ~. ` v ~ L ~ ~ ~~~'~`oo~°vv O ~ "' C1. ~ ~ [n ~ .N '~j ~ 'fl ~~ u~om_~3~; ~a ~ N M 'C7 O L ~ Q. ~ O x o v ~ .o .~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ E v~, N T vZi j, ~ r.Q ~n ~ L L as Q ~ ~ cC ~C ~ ~ a ~~ E~ a~ ~ c va ~~> ~~ ~ o o 0 O°~ ~a~ o ;ga~ec ac~~cn ~v"L° ~ma vi i L V d1 .n E c .~ v .~ a° N L N t U N m ~ ~ S~ ~ tci ~ ~ r ~~ {~} °- s ~ ~ ~ . Q o Y ~ °- a- a~i _`cs a ~ ~ at a ~ °~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V C[ Q,~ O N OC3 t// } ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~a .~ ° v a . N L V L N N "O co L N uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euoa 0 L a c 0 J-~ O O U ~_ U C fa L +~ O (n g $ ~ .O 7 g ~ C O ~ g ~ '~ a ©o et o a g~ o `~ o ~ ~ ~ {.,~ c 0 0 U ~ _ ~U C L L ~" ~~1 V 1 L ~ ~.. L N C ~ v L ~„ ~ ~ ~ ~-+ ~ ~ ~, .C ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ o a~ ~~ o o~ E 3 cn a~ ~ O v~ ~~ w c v ~ c~ v c= vcu ~ ~. an a~ +~ fC5 ~ L_ Q Rj t. }~ ~ V1 N ~av~~ ~ C ~ L (~ "~ 3 N b ~ 4J you ~n ~n u ou ~~v v~~~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ v`~~ `~`L°n°, a,,aO~' L ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~ va L ~ moo H ~ L 3 ~ s ~ .-.~ ~ c ~`~~ ~a~ ,~~o~~ ~o>~, ~ ~ ~ c ,~n a~ a~ ~-v~ N~. . >t. ~ ~ oo.~~ ~~o~ ~vb~v O +-~ ~ ~ ~ o a; o ~, ~ ~t ~ ~ ~ ~ .c ~ ~n Q a ~ ~ ~ az -~ ,~ f~ N U ~ O L O v}'i d ~ N f0 L C~ G C f~ Q1 L a v C ~_ N N L a L Q~ +~ c uaea~oad suaa~~ uo~~euod s, . l~ l~6 ~ fl- U C C ~ ~ N L ~ ~ ~ ~ N d .N ~J c~ r- C "d O > U U ~ 3 '~' C d~ ~ C ~ 4~ ,~ U L~ ~ ,y~ tl-~ u cC ~ ~ N l0 ~ N ~ ~ +~ cC '~ bA ~ ~' ~ ~ Cv ~ ,,4 c~ o~~° q ~~~~~ V U~ w Z~~ U V U x U a, cn~~ o E,~ ~'•! L In ~ ~ ~ ~ L Q ~ ~ Y r ~ ~ ~ •~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ •~ ~ ~ oo•~LE ~~~~~ ~ u a~ rc fl- ~ c ~ ~ ~ O > .~ N on N H ~ N O ~-+ ` ~ ~ ~ L OA ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~~ ~- C C L C~ cn ~ t a u O ~• ~ `~ UD ~+ f~ i > .C ~ ~' N ~ r' N cn ~ v' 1~ ~ •^ m ~ •~ f~ •~ ~ •C O ~ I"' O N ~ ~ N Z `~ a' ~ m ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ H D. ~ +' d ~ O N ~ N N V `n "' ~ ;~ cn ~ v ~ cn cn v, O i C ~ ~A~ 'd 4J ~ O .~ ~ ~ ~ o~ L ~ N C +-+ O O o~ ~ ,~, O ~ ~ v •~„~ v of Ot .~ ~. o~ o~ . r. O 4~ ~. :+~ o~ v cn .~ ti v O +i O z O O q .ti U v o~ of .~, 0 U Cn O N uaea6oad suaa~I uoi~puoa C~1 Vj O ~ ~ ~ =s"',, ~ ~ .C~J ~ cO C: +.+ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ V ~ ~ N ~ o c ~~ +~ ~ o '^ ~ ~ v a ,~ ~ a~ ~ ~ cn o~N~a~ ~ ~~ ,~~~ ~ o o~ >~.~ ~ Z ~~ a~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -a C ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "d "O ~ N O ~ ~ t~ ' ~ '~ O '~ ~ ~" +.; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ O , ~ +j ~ ~ g 3~ V V xU aHw~.r~ U V aUwcr~~-la ,o+ - a CL ~ C O ~^ '~ N ~ a-.+ 'D l0 N ' L ~ ~ RS ~'d ~ *-~ ~ 011 ~ ~ ~ ~ C: ~ RS ~ +~.+ On o- ~~ > Q:° ~Y ~ ~\ ~~, ao~~o- ~ '~ ~~ C: ~ a v o o ~ ;~ ~ ~ R1 L N p ~ O ~- `~ ~~ ~ cn m a: O , ~ ~ cn On O U ~ }'' CU CU ~ ~ cn . ~ P o y ~ o> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O `Z O O ~ ~, ~ • ~, by ~ ~ O4 ~ U +~ H C 'N ~ 1~ ~.r ~ ~ ~ ~ y ~ O ~ O ~ y ?~{ ~ -+ O C ~ l0 O ~ ~ O O O ~ ~ ~ o> ~.. lQ o~ U ~ ~ o .~ U w ~ ~ U Q li ~ ~ ca a-a o a o_ pq Q a, ~p r.~, a H w ,a N ~~~"- ~. _ t: U bq U cn o~ w .~, .,,, a 0 `~ a .~ -~ bQ '~ a .~ 0 z U .~ r'~ ^~ k 0~ •~„ ~. O Z 0 0 v 'N `~ .~ uaea6oad suaa~I uoi~euoa a .,. ~: l% O ~ f~ >, ~ 0 3 yJ L ~~ O ~ L ~ ~ O d C ~ of O ~ o E o c0 ~ ~ ~ i N ~ ~ _ •~ N ~ N O ~ ~ O ~ ~ f6 O O ~ f~ i i +~ ~ u ,,, i v o ~ ~ ~ ~ cc o ~ c ~ ~ +~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q 0 ua ~ 30 L +~ ~ u O N 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,~ C C N ~ -0 • ~ Ou C L ~ ~ of ~ -p .4+ ~ N . Q~ L r' ~ . ~ ~ N O O- ~ ~ O L ~ H ~ DA ~ ~ O ~ 'i . !1 ~ n ~ U O ~ ~ ~li ~- N N uaea6oad uoi~enaasaad ~eiuua~ua~ 0 ,~ u ~~~ v ~ ~ iu c E N Q. ~ N O~ L L+ j ° ~ Q ~ L~ E ~ ~ O I L °' ~, ca - o c cv •O +~ -p •C N s- ~' 3 N~ u ~ o O O E ° ~ r°a~ L O L a~~~,> ua ~~ ' Q ~~ O Q. ~ "d N O ~ ~ L Ili O O (0 ~ a O ~ 'L O ~ Q ~ U E Q H p ~ '~ p +-.+ m E O O +.+ +' t6 N ~ o ca V ~o a~ ~,•L~;y Q aJ ~ N ~ E ° ct )~ L '4~ N L C~- U r' O '~ A L ~ ~ ~ C O Q c i ~ ' N~ Q Q Q E 3 u o N ~ Q a~ N -v .^ ~~ v i ~ } , O ~ ~ . C o co c c~ ~ c N ~ `~' a, ~ E u o c ~, N Q 41 L O~ ~~ -Y C 1 ~. ~ > N Q . ~ L ~ N Q O }+ ~ N V N ~ ~ ~ N Rf C N fCf ~ ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ ~+ ~' C O L N -p ~ L N L N 0 • }, U R3 W1 N F U ~ ~ +.+ L ~ C O N s= N N ~ ~ .+ C + a H + t N O O -p H ~ V1 ~ .~ .+ C N + C a~ N N a L~ a~ ~ o ~- °~' C L c6 ~ ~ a~~'~° . ,~ ~ o N ~ nn ~ u ~~3+.~ -v L ca rc~ ~ *' 3 .~v-L +~ u ~ c ~ ~ ~ . Q ti c -' -° ~ ~ y- -v ~. ~ N ~ ~ c d N O ~ lJ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ OU t~Lo ~ O L LL C . +~ oN,T~ . ~~, ~ NEa ~ L ~ Q ~N U •N U ~ Q ~ ~ +' '~ ~ N ~ ~ Q ~ O i ~ L C ~ t'C C ~ a i~ Q > > ~ N cC N a-.+ N~ +~.+ N ,a,. L oD t0 d v Q) a~ O~ 1 ~ fl. ~ p ~, 0 ~ L In O O L ' L C O-'~ 3 C ~~ d i N O ~' N O .~ ° ° ~O ~ C f~ ~L . N 0 E° 3 C '~a~ a a C i - 'a~~ `' E~ +~ p on O Q. N ' ~ N N O V Q~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .E !/ Q ~ X +j 0 ' U ~ ~ ~ !/ ~ L ~ ~ N ~ ~ O ~ u 'O ~ •~ •~ d fC d .Q Q~ Q d Ut1 O Q t.. ~ !_ ~ fCS Q ~ ~ O >+ c 0 V ~ ~ H O Rf ~ N O co ~ O ~ ~ O~ O ~ tOC ~ L f~ L ~ ~ != Lpf'1 N O O ~ L ~ O N v L S ~a L Q L a Q O O U ~_ ~U c c cv O O M N ~I ~upld ~~afoad N ~~+ ~ 'fC ~ ~ ~ L `S _ L L S O Q ' '~ ~ N ~ i ~ +- ~ O p V ~ +.+ O rC OV ~ •~ !1 N N ~ ~ O ~ N ~ ` U (~ ~ C Q •~ l~ O ~ ~ cn '~ f6 p ~+ ~ = O O O ~ U 11 O +.+ O +:+ N ~ ~' Q ~ ~ N ~ E ~~ E d ~ ~ ~ a ~ - u ~ ° L~ ~ C O ~ O~ N ~ ~ ,,, ~ ~ c ~~ ~ v ~ ~ . ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ o ~ O ~ ~ .~ .> ~ OA C N lC L.L O p ~ ~ u,~ ~ ~ a~~ E c of ~, N N Op - O 0 ~ ~ ~ N O d ~ C ~ O ~ ~ On ~ C p O ~ °'~ ~ O 1 , O RS U U ~ ~ f~ N ~ ~ ~ O 0 N +a.+.+ O '~ E C N .~ +.+ + .+ C ~ A p L t~ N O ~ O ~ t~ > p> O p OA V1 +.+ Ott '~ -' ~ O C C N +.i O O ~ ~ t- O N 'C > Q ~ fCf f0 ~ v. ~ ~ N d1 ~ N u u u u ~ ~ a :, ~ . ~ .+ U ~ C + v~ ~ ~ tO O p N ~ ~ +-' to d "D R'S f0 ~- .~ ~ fC ~ f6 ~ OO ~ C O u c N o f~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~~ o~ O ~ [Ct ~ ro a o Noon L O H U ca L O L a C O J--~ O O U ~_ ~U c to +~ O N uaea6oad aaa~un~o/~ + ~ ~A. .{ 'a*:~ r r Y 5 ~ „ r .~ 'i ' t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~• f }~ ~ ", ~, - i I K~ 1 ~ °. ~ ;3 _ ~~ ;'~ i 3 1 j~ Y ~ ~ K ~, t ssh E&. Mk., .: < ~ , ~ ~ _r ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~,. J ~~ gJ =v ~ ~ r. ~ ...=~ ' 3 O . a + O 0 QJ V C + . ~~~w11 V Q~ i. r ~ L J..7 \ ~ ~ ~- L d c o L o O ~ ~ C N A ~ ~ O ~ (~ ~ a ~ ,~ ~ L O vi .~+ ~ V ~ 4± ~ . ~ C O ~ Cn c ~ a ~~.- ~ 3 E O .~ L O c +-+ a V o E O